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NGS Detects Extensive Genomic Alterations in Survivors of Irradiated Normal Human Fibroblast Cells (2024)

Soni, Aashish ; Beißer, Daniela ; Mladenov, Emil ; Höller, Matthias ; Wohlers, Inken ; Nikolov, Vladimir ; Magin, Simon ; Mussfeldt, Tamara ; Klein-Hitpass, Ludger ; Cornforth, Michael N. ; Loucas, Bradford D. ; Rahmann, Sven ; Iliakis, George

Abstract It is thought that cells surviving ionizing radiation exposure repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and restore their genomes. However, the recent biochemical and genetic characterization of DSB repair pathways reveals that only homologous recombination (HR) can function in an error-free manner and that the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways canonical NHEJ (c-NHEJ), alternative end joining (alt-EJ), and single-strand annealing (SSA) are error-prone, and potentially leave behind genomic scars and altered genomes. The strong cell cycle restriction of HR to S/ G2 phases and the unparalleled efficiency of c-NHEJ throughout the cell cycle, raise the intriguing question as to how far a surviving cell reaches after repairing the genome back to its pre-irradiation state. Indeed, there is evidence that the genomes of cells surviving radiation treatment harbor extensive genomic alterations. To directly investigate this possibility, we adopted next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and tested a normal human fibroblast cell line, 82-6 hTert, after exposure up to 6 Gy. Cells were irradiated and surviving colonies expanded and the cells frozen. Sequencing analysis using the Illumina sequencing platform and comparison with the unirradiated genome detected frequent genomic alterations in the six investigated radiation survivor clones, including translocations and large deletions. Translocations detected by this analysis and predicted to generate visible cytogenetic alterations were frequently (three out of five) confirmed using mFISH cytogenetic analysis. PCR analysis of selected deletions also confirmed seven of the ten examined. We conclude that cells surviving radiation exposure tolerate and pass to their progeny a wide spectrum of genomic alterations. This recognition needs to be integrated into the interpretation of biological results at all endpoints, as well as in the formulation of mathematical models of radiation action. NGS analysis of irradiated genomes promises to enhance molecular cytogenetics by increasing the spectrum of detectable genomic alterations and advance our understanding of key molecular radiobiological effects and the logic underpinning DSB repair. However, further developments in the technology will be required to harness its full potential.

Demonstrating Surface and Plasma Chemistry with a Nonthermal Atmospheric Plasma (2025)

Geyer, Marvin ; Böhm, Christine ; Zellmer, Florian ; Meier, Julian ; Ostermann, Rainer

Abstract A low-cost plasma nozzle/setup was developed to allow demonstrations, and it invites hands-on experimentation with nonthermal plasmas of air and other gases. Several high-tech plasma applications, such as surface cleaning and activation, as well as mild but effective sterilization, will be explained and adapted to be eagerly explored by undergraduate and senior high school students. The results were surprisingly similar to those obtained with a commercial plasma treatment system. While the focus is on the experimental introduction to plasma physics and chemistry, it will be highlighted how a multidisciplinary approach enables the study and discussion of important concepts ranging from surface energies and contact angles to environmental or microbiological control.

Electrospinning as a Fascinating Platform for Teaching Applied Polymer Science with Safe and Sustainable Experiments (2024)

Noll, Jessica ; Leven, Felix ; Limberg, Johannes ; Weidmann, Christoph ; Ostermann, Rainer

Abstract Electrospinning has been widely used as a versatile technique to generate nanofibers of various materials. It is also helpful in teaching topics ranging from macromolecular chemistry to physics, safety, and sustainability at various levels of difficulty and student involvement. Simple and safe hands-on experiments/manual assays can be realized for less than 30 euros to demonstrate polymer viscosity and nanofiber alignment and solubility. Students can further study (super)hydrophobicity and even upcycle packaging waste into useful filter materials but also improve the electrospinning setup from a manual assay to an inexpensive Arduino-based 3D printed research platform. Alternatively, the latter can be used for teacher demonstrations of more challenging experiments that can also be easily done using a commercial syringe-pump.

Femtosecond laser-induced surface structuring of porous nickel substituting anodic catalyst layers for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (2025)

Salih, Haujin ; Cieluch, Maximilian ; Maack, Philipp L. ; Kazamer, Norbert ; Wirkert, Florian ; Rost, Ulrich ; Esen, Cemal ; Brodmann, Michael

Abstract Femtosecond laser-induced nano structuring offers a novel approach to enhance the performance of porous transport layers (PTLs) in anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis. By applying ultrashort laser pulses to nickel felts, distinct surface morphologies were generated, including high-spatial-frequency laser-induced periodic surface structures (HSFL-LIPSS), irregular ablated surfaces, and hybrid structures. Surface area analysis revealed increases of up to 4-fold for LIPSS, 6-fold for hybrid structures (LIPSS+Ablation), and 9-fold for ablated surfaces compared to untreated fibers. Electrochemical testing showed reduced overpotentials for laser-treated samples, comparable to state-of-the-art electrodes despite the absence of catalyst layers. Overpotentials could be reduced by up to 6.5 % at 10 mA cm−2 and by up to 9.6 % at 100 mA cm−2 compared to the unprocessed felt. Notably, ablated structures, with the highest surface areas, exhibited microcavities that may entrap oxygen bubbles, limiting active site and reaction rates. The LIPSS structures demonstrated the lowest activation losses and highest current density (1.32 A cm⁻² at 2.0 V) due to their periodic morphology and enhanced electrolyte flow, representing a 17 % improvement at 2.0 V compared to the untreated felts. Moreover, Tafel slopes down to 66 mV dec−1 denote a performant kinetic while oxidation charge measurements revealed pronounced peaks for laser-treated samples, with ablated surfaces achieving the highest charge of 16.76 ± 1.64 C cm⁻². Chronopotentiometry revealed the LIPSS structures showing the highest resistance to degradation among the structured samples. These findings suggest femtosecond laser nano structuring as a promising method to improve PTL performance. Further application of catalyst layers could amplify the electrochemical efficiency of these advanced materials.

Enhancing the phase change material properties by an energy-efficient one-step preparation method using organogelator–polyolefin composites (2022)

Leven, Felix ; Limberg, Johannes ; Noll, Jessica ; Ulbricht, Mathias ; Ostermann, Rainer

Abstract The synergistic combination of various sorbitol-based organogelators with polyolefins allows the preparation of porous support structures for immobilized phase change materials (PCMs). Using a PCM as a solvent for the preparation leads to dimensionally stable composite materials with extremely high loading rates and low leakage of PCMs. Detailed investigations were performed on the kind of polyolefin support and its mass fraction concentration in the PCM, the temperature-dependent softening and failure under superimposed load, the efficiency of heat transport and the retention capacity over several melting/solidification cycles in various measurement setups. In particular, paraffin wax in combination with 1,2,3-trideoxy-4,6:5,7-bis-O-[(4-propylphenyl)methylene]-nonitol (TBPMN) and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) showed the best results in terms of high dimensional stability, low leakage, excellent processability and competitive heat capacity. The herein-established one-step preparation method saves time and energy compared to the loading of pre-formed porous supports and improves application-related properties at the same time.

MARGE (Germany) (2024)

Simon, Jelena ; Ettl, Kerstin

Abstract This case describes the difficulties of business succession from a successor’s perspective. The case is based on a real metalworking family business in an old industrial region in Germany. The key issues are challenges that, Michelle and Adrian, two second-generation successors within one company, face in teambuilding and finding their own place within the corporation and their team. The case is divided into two parts: Part 1 is a newspaper article about the succession process that points out stereotypes and writing styles in reporting on entrepreneurship/succession in the media. Part 2 is the succession story written from Michelle’s perspective and highlights challenges that female successors face in traditional male-dominated areas, for instance, when it comes to questions of balancing work and family needs. The case addresses issues relating to entrepreneurship and business succession classes, with sociological and psychological overtones.

The Effects of Formal and Informal Institutions on Women’s Entrepreneurship in Georgia (2024)

Griessbach, Lela ; Ettl, Kerstin

Abstract The aim of this chapter is to address the impact of formal and informal institutions on women’s entrepreneurship and to extend our understanding of issues influencing women-owned businesses and women’s entrepreneurship in the context of a transition economy, such as Georgia. Our work specifically addresses formal institutions, such as governmental initiatives, financial institutions, and business-relevant education. It also addresses informal institutions, such as women’s role in society, the use of informal networks of connections and acquaintances, and gift-giving practices. Drawing on results from an online focus group discussion with women entrepreneurs in Georgia, we provide initial insights into the critical constraints and supporting factors that local women entrepreneurs experience. Based on the interrelation of institutions and women’s entrepreneurship, we conclude that changes in formal institutions do not lead directly to changing informal institutions. Due to the lack of trust in formal institutions, women entrepreneurs are more likely to look for business development solutions outside the official frames, including illegal or unethical means of survival. Nevertheless, increased opportunities – induced by specific entrepreneurship policies and programs – encourage women to enter entrepreneurship. In addition to this, entrepreneurship enables women in Georgia to overcome gender discrimination issues, which is more prevalent in employment relationships in the local labor market than in entrepreneurial activities.

A Dynamically Evolving Multicultural Escape Suitcase Travelling a Participatory Journey (2024)

Becker, Katja ; Winschiers-Theophilus, Heike ; Maasz, Donovan ; Auala, Selma ; Itenge, Helvi ; Isaacs, Joseph-David ; Peter, Kaulyaalalwa ; Goagoses, Naska

Abstract Escape rooms have gained popularity across the globe, be it for entertainment, team building, or learning purposes. Solving puzzles has intrigued humanity since ancient times and playing games together facilitated intercultural encounters, encouraging mutual learning. This situated action builds on the idea of a mobile escape room within a suitcase, which when traveling shares previous encounters and collects new puzzles, thereby ever evolving. A suitcase will arrive in Sibu, Malaysia, with augmented reality stickers that entail puzzles created in Namibia. Visitors need to solve the puzzles to open the suitcase, which contains treats from Namibia, as well as materials to create new puzzles. Visitors participate in creating their own cultural puzzles, upload them to the augmented reality application, and thereby contribute to a new multicultural escape suitcase. The puzzles can also be played back at home, and the suitcase will continue evolving as it travels.

Community podcast and soundscape creation on issues that matter to indigenous people across the globe (2024)

Becker, Katja ; Kandjengo, Shorty ; Kaulbach, Peter ; Maasz, Donovan ; Auala, Selma ; Isaacs, Joseph-David ; Winschiers-Theophilus, Heike

Abstract Indigenous people across the globe have all too often been marginalised and not been considered in decisions that directly concern their life. We maintain the significance of incorporating indigenous perspectives in society to create a global dialogue through direct participation. In this light we propose a situated action in which our co-author from the Ju/’hoansi tribe, one of the San ethnicity in Southern Africa, digitally records semi-structured conversations with members of other indigenous communities at the conference and public spaces in Sibu. Then participants are engaged into a participatory exploration of processing the audio files into sound installations and soundscapes which “amplify indigenous voices“. We anticipate that the products can be reused for further initiatives in the different countries, raising awareness and calling for action on matters of concern for indigenous people.

Co-design of an Extended Reality Escape Room with Primary School Students (2024)

Becker, Katja ; Itenge, Helvi ; Auala, Selma ; Isaacs, Joseph-David ; Winschiers-Theophilus, Heike

Abstract In this paper we present the co-design and implementation of an extended reality escape room with 26 primary school students. The aim of our study was to explore the co-design process with students and to co-create a playable escape room, providing an asymmetric immersive experience in which players collaborate. We realised the complexity of designing such an escape room with primary students. We share our experiences and learnings in regard to required capacities and skills of co-designers, and adjustment of complexity and timing to players. We also maintain that the integration of extended reality technologies into escape rooms requires further research to realise asymmetric co-located collaboration.

The Integration of Refugees in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs): Case Studies from Practice (2024)

Köhler, Theresa ; Ettl, Kerstin

Abstract With the increasing number of refugees seeking protection and a new home in Germany, our society faces the task of optimally integrating those refugees. This includes integration into the labor market. This chapter deals with the integration of refugees into small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We explore why SMEs choose to integrate refugees into their business, what opportunities they see in it, what challenges integration brings, and what management considers as success factors of a successful integration. The results show that a successful integration is based on a combination of the individual commitment of the refugees, the acceptance and support of the management and workforce in the company as well as clear, reliable institutional framework conditions.

Toolbox. Werkzeuge zur Sichtbarmachung von Innovatorinnen in regionalen Innovationskontexten (2024)

Ettl, Kerstin ; Frohne, Julia ; Kriegesmann, Bernd ; Meyer zu Altenschildesche, Clara ; Reichert, Michael Toni ; Voß, Julia ; Wernerus, Cora ; Brüne, Raphael

Mit der hier vorliegenden Toolbox stellen wir die Ergebnisse des dreijährigen, durch das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung geförderten, Forschungsprojektes „Westfälische Erfinderinnen“ vor. Das Hauptziel des Projektes umfasste dabei, in den Regionen Ruhrgebiet und Münsterland Innovatorinnen zu identifizieren und die regionalen Mechanismen der (Un-)Sichtbarkeit von Innovatorinnen zu untersuchen und zu verstehen. Aufbauend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen wurden ausgewählte Innovatorinnen zielgerichtet mit unterschiedlichen Kommunikationswerkzeugen ins Licht der regionalen Öffentlichkeit gerückt, um so das gesellschaftliche Bewusstsein für die Vielfalt von Innovationsprozessen und die Rolle von Innovatorinnen zu stärken. Die hier vorliegende Toolbox soll Hochschulen und andere zentrale Akteur:innen in weiteren Regionen ermutigen und anleiten, ihre Innovatorinnen zu finden, zu unterstützen und weithin sichtbar zu machen.

Journalism and Advertising: On the Separation of Editorial Content and Commercial Communication (2024)

Weinacht, Stefan

Abstract The principle of separation between editorial content and commercial communication protects both the democratic and the commercial function of mass media. This article compiles all available statutory and professional regulations in Germany as an example of the various aspects of the principle of separation, such as the labeling obligation, the prohibition of paid content and tying transactions, as well as the handling of numerous forms of presentation of editorial advertising. Subsequently, the state of research is reported for the individual aspects of the principle of separation, in particular with regard to description and effect. Finally, proposed solutions for current application and desiderata are compiled.

Media Brand Management (2024)

Tropp, Jörg ; Weinacht, Stefan

Abstract The management of media brands faces challenges. In order to be able to point out possible solutions, this article first explains the concept and the nature of “media brands.” Subsequently, various theoretical approaches to the explanation of media brands and their management are presented. Regardless of theoretical preferences, it is important to keep in mind the brand-strategic complexity of media management that is subsequently described. Due to their specificity, special attention is paid to the basic strategic positioning options and to the communication management of media brands. In this way, the special features of media brand management become clear in comparison with other products and services.

Breaking the Standard: Can Oxford Nanopore Technologies Sequencing Compete With Illumina in Protistan Amplicon Studies? (2025)

Bludau, Dana ; Sieber, Guido ; Shah, Manan ; Deep, Aman ; Boenigk, Jens ; Beisser, Daniela

ABSTRACT Advancements in sequencing technologies have revolutionized environmental research, leading to a superior understanding of ecosystem functions. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing techniques evolved from short-read Illumina sequencing to long-read Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing. While Illumina still dominates the sequencing market and offers high accuracy with low error rates, it is limited by shorter read lengths. ONT provides much longer reads, allowing for greater taxonomic resolution but at the cost of higher error rates. Since existing comparative amplicon analyses deal almost exclusively with prokaryotes, it is uncertain if ONT can serve as a reliable alternative to Illumina regarding protistic metabarcoding approaches. Therefore, this study focuses on comparing error rates, taxonomic classification accuracy, and the community composition of sequences obtained from Illumina and ONT sequencing of the 18S V9 rRNA gene region as well as the full-length 18S rRNA gene from sediment samples. In addition, the applicability of the recently updated Natrix2 amplicon processing pipeline for both sequencing approaches was evaluated. While higher error rates were observed for ONT reads, especially for short reads, the full-length ONT 18S sequences achieved greater taxonomic classification accuracy down to the species level. Illumina V9 sequencing, by contrast, provided reliable classification only down to the phylum level. An analysis of community compositions revealed significant taxonomic differences between the sequencing approaches, with ONT identifying more subtle responses of species to external influences. Nevertheless, the basic community patterns were detectable with all sequencing approaches. To conclude, this study showed for the first time that particularly full-length 18S ONT sequencing can serve as a reliable alternative to Illumina V9 sequencing for protist analysis and may even outperform Illumina depending on the specific research objectives.

Corrosion and Cavitation Performance of Flame-Sprayed NiCrBSi Composite Coatings Reinforced with Hard Particles (2024)

Frunzaverde, Doina ; Marginean, Gabriela ; Ciubotariu, Costel-Relu

Abstract To enhance the operational life of hydraulic machinery, protective coatings against wear, particularly cavitation erosion, and corrosion might be applied on the surfaces of components. The experiments conducted in this study aimed to assess the suitability of 80/20 NiCrBSi/WC-Co composite coatings for this purpose. A coating of NiCrBSi self-fluxing alloy, which served as the reference material, was deposited alongside a NiCrBSi coating reinforced with 20% WC-Co, both applied by flame spraying onto X3CrNiMo13-4 substrates, the martensitic stainless steel type frequently utilized in turbine blade manufacturing. The improved density of the coatings and adhesion to the substrate was achieved by remelting with an oxyacetylene flame. The cavitation and corrosion performance of both the reference and composite coating were evaluated through cavitation tests and electrochemical measurements conducted in the laboratory. The results demonstrate that the addition of 20% WC-Co significantly enhances the cavitation resistance of the composite material, as evidenced by the reduction to 3.76 times of the cumulative erosion (CE), while the stabilization rate remained at half the value observed for the reference self-fluxing alloy coating. Conversely, the addition of WC-Co into the NiCrBSi coating resulted in a slight decrease in the corrosion resistance of the self-fluxing alloy. Nevertheless, the corrosion rate of the composite coating (124.80 µm/year) did not significantly exceed the upper limit for excellent corrosion resistance (100 µm/year).

Reproducible Superinsulation Materials: Organosilica-Based Hybrid Aerogels with Flexibility Control (2024)

Geyer, Marvin ; Leven, Felix ; Limberg, Johannes ; Andronescu, Corina ; Ostermann, Rainer

Abstract In this study, we report highly crosslinked hybrid aerogels with an organic backbone based on vinylmethyldimethoxysilane (VMDMS) with tuneable properties. For an improved and highly reproducible synthesis, a prepolymer based on 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4V4) and VMDMS as monomers was prepared and purified. Di-tert-butylperoxide (DTBP) concentrations of 1 mol% initiate the radical polymerization of the mentioned monomers to achieve high yields of polymers. After purification, the obtained viscous polyorganosilane precursor could be reproducibly crosslinked with dimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDMS) or methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) to form gels in benzylic alcohol (BzOH), water (H2O) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH). Whereas freeze-drying these silica-based hybrid aerogels led to high thermal conductivity (>20 mW m−1K−1) and very fragile materials, useful aerogels were obtained via solvent exchange and supercritical drying with CO2. The DMDMS-based aerogels exhibit enhanced compressibility (31% at 7 kPa) and low thermal conductivity (16.5 mW m−1K−1) with densities around (0.111 g cm−3). The use of MTMS results in aerogels with lower compressibility (21% at 7 kPa) and higher density (0.124 g cm−3) but excellent insulating properties (14.8 mW m−1K−1).

Innovatorinnen gestalten Zukunft. Fallstudien für Praxis und Lehre (2024)

Voss, Julia ; Meyer zu Altenschildesche, Clara ; Ettl, Kerstin

Dieses Open Access essential enthält eine Sammlung praxisnaher Fallstudien, die auf realen Beispielen von Innovatorinnen basieren und einen Einblick in die vielfältigen Rollen von Frauen in Innovationsprozessen geben. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Vermittlung eines breiten Innovationsbegriffs. Zugleich wird herausgearbeitet, wie bedeutend es ist, Innovatorinnen und ihre Leistungen sichtbar zu machen.

We don’t need another (s)hero?: Role models, contradictions, discourses, and ideal feminine identity in entrepreneurial podcast dialogues (2024)

Voss, Julia ; Ettl, Kerstin

Unterstützung wirksamer Führung durch personaldiagnostisch gestütztes (Business-)Coaching (2024)

Ettl, Kerstin ; Roßdeutscher, Axel

Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Beitrag geht es um die Frage, wie personaldiagnostisch gestütztes (Business-)Coaching zur Entwicklung von Führungskompetenzen und Unterstützung wirksamer Führung eingesetzt werden kann. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in aktuelle Herausforderungen und zukünftige Anforderungen an wirksame Führung werden zunächst Grundlagen der Potenzialentwicklung von Führungskräften durch Coaching diskutiert. Neben der Definition und Abgrenzung von Coaching werden hierzu Coachinganlässe und daraus resultierende Anforderungen an die Coaches betrachtet, Wirkmechanismen im Coaching aufgezeigt und grundlegende Einsatzfelder und -möglichkeiten personaldiagnostischer Instrumente im Coaching erläutert. Als Anwendungsbeispiel aus der Praxis wird anschließend der RAUEN Analyzer® als personaldiagnostisches Instrument im Führungskräftecoaching vorgestellt. Neben der wissenschaftlichen Fundierung des Instruments werden exemplarische Ansatzpunkte, die das Instrument zur Unterstützung wirksamer Führung liefert, an zwei Fallbeispielen dargestellt und diskutiert und so Möglichkeiten, aber auch Grenzen eines personaldiagnostisch gestützten Coachings im Führungskontext aufgezeigt.

What’s driving them? A qualitative approach to explore women entrepreneurs’ motivations in STEM (2024)

Voss, Julia ; Butz, Benjamin ; Ettl, Kerstin

Abstract Purpose Entrepreneurship and the disciplines of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) are considered important drivers of innovation. At the same time, the representation of women entrepreneurs in STEM remains low. Despite this disparity, a number of women still choose to start ventures and persist in pursuing their innovations in STEM. This study aims to examine the motivational factors that drive women entrepreneurs to approach and consistently pursue their innovations and ventures in STEM. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the concept of the heterogeneity of motivational factors (Graham and Bonner, 2022) and Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986, 2001; Wood and Bandura, 1989), 24 semi-structured interviews were conducted with women entrepreneurs in STEM. This approach allowed for an in-depth exploration of the heterogeneous motivational factors influencing women entrepreneurs in STEM. Findings The motivations of women entrepreneurs in STEM are multifaceted, interrelated and dynamic. They encompass personal and cognitive, behavioral and environmental factors and partly change over time. This study reveals two levels of heterogeneity: the heterogeneity of women entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial motivations, and the within-context heterogeneity of women entrepreneurs in STEM themselves. Originality/value This study addresses the need for a deeper understanding of women entrepreneurs in STEM. By focusing on nuanced aspects of entrepreneurial motivations that are often overlooked in the existing literature, this research provides valuable insights and discusses implications for theory, policy and education.

When failure is not an option: a police firearms training concept for improving decision-making in shoot/don’t shoot scenarios (2024)

Olma, Joshua ; Sutter, Christine ; Sülzenbrück, Sandra

Abstract Sometimes, policing requires a quick and correct assessment of potentially hazardous situations. The training of tactical gaze control and visual attention, and its positive impact on efficient shoot/don’t shoot decisions in police cadets’ use of firearms has recently been demonstrated. On this basis, we designed an individual videobased police firearms training that was grounded on the Four-Component Instructional Design Model (4C/ID). We shifted toward an individual blended learning approach where we applied an intervention training focused on situational awareness, tactical gaze control, and visual attention. In a preregistered lab experiment, N = 45 senior police officers were randomly allocated to the intervention training or an active control training that resembled a traditional police firearms training. Both groups watched a self-produced educational video before proceeding to the practical training in our indoor firing range. In a pre- and post-test, they engaged in realistic shoot/don’t shoot video scenarios. Both groups did very well regarding decision-making, the optimal muzzle position, and the tactical conduct to keep both eyes open before shooting. Although both groups performed on a comparable level in the pre-test’s shoot scenarios, the intervention group significantly improved their response times and time until the first hit. Overall, we were able to provide an adapted, didactically based police firearms training that supplements current standards. We demonstrated that experts are still susceptible to innovative training concepts and therefore substantiate the recommendation to devote more attention to approaches that emphasize the importance of situational awareness, tactical gaze control, and visual attention in police firearms training.

Digital Assessment Methods in Mechanical Engineering: Case Study of a Computer-Aided Design Course within a Blended Learning Environment (2024)

Wendland, Michael

Abstract This paper presents an integrated approach combining in-person teaching with digital assessments in a mechanical engineering course, leveraging a blended learning environment to enhance both physical and remote instructions. The primary focus is on addressing challenges associated with digital exams, such as hardware and software limitations, connectivity issues, and the risk of cheating. To mitigate these barriers for digital exams, the paper proposes creating unique exam tasks based on student IDs and employing semi-automatic grading of computer drawings using Python scripts, which streamline the assessment process while ensuring accuracy and fairness. Traditional assessment methods typically involve written exams, computer-based tests, practical labs, oral exams, and project-based assessments. These methods require students to attend exams in person, with activities strictly monitored to prevent cheating. However, this approach highlights the need to transition from traditional methods to digital assessments, focusing on knowledge application rather than simply recalling the information. In order to show the possibility of such a transition, a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) course is employed as a case study, where theoretical knowledge is assessed through digital quizzes and practical skills via design challenges and final exams. By creating unique tasks based on student IDs, the course ensures exam integrity and fairness and still allows students to work on the assigned problem on their own computer device and on their own time schedule. Additionally, a semi-automatic system compares the volumetric properties of student-generated 3D models with reference solutions using Python scripts. This approach significantly reduces manual grading workload while maintaining high assessment standards. The course structure aligns learning activities with desired outcomes through the Constructive Alignment of Biggs et. al. Weekly quizzes handled via Moodle automatically grade the theoretical knowledge of the students, while biweekly tutorials and practical sessions support the transition from theory to practical application. Design challenges, graded and contributing to the final exam score, motivate students and provide continuous feedback and assessment. This dynamic learning environment not only engages students but also enhances the retention of theoretical knowledge and its practical application through digital tools. In conclusion, this paper showcases the successful integration of digital assessment methodologies in mechanical engineering education. By addressing and overcoming challenges early, and aligning learning activities with outcomes, the blended learning approach enhances the educational experience. The strategic use of unique exam tasks and semi-automatic grading systems not only ensures fair and accurate assessments but also prepares students for the demands of the digital age in their professional careers.

Arbeitsrecht - Das Arbeitsverhältnis in der betrieblichen Praxis (2025)

Senne, Petra

Das Unternehmensprotokoll als nonverbales Instrument der Unternehmenskommunikation : ein Mittel zur Stärkung der Corporate Identity (2025)

Ortega Padilla, Rolando Martin

Stereo Camera Setup for 360° Digital Image Correlation to Reveal Smart Structures of Hakea Fruits (2024)

Fischer, Matthias ; Mylo, Max D. ; Lorenz, Leon S. ; Böckenholt, Lars ; Beismann, Heike

Abstract About forty years after its first application, digital image correlation (DIC) has become an established method for measuring surface displacements and deformations of objects under stress. To date, DIC has been used in a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies to biomechanically characterise biological samples in order to reveal biomimetic principles. However, when surfaces of samples strongly deform or twist, they cannot be thoroughly traced. To overcome this challenge, different DIC setups have been developed to provide additional sensor perspectives and, thus, capture larger parts of an object’s surface. Herein, we discuss current solutions for this multi-perspective DIC, and we present our own approach to a 360° DIC system based on a single stereo-camera setup. Using this setup, we are able to characterise the desiccation-driven opening mechanism of two woody Hakea fruits over their entire surfaces. Both the breaking mechanism and the actuation of the two valves in predominantly dead plant material are models for smart materials. Based on these results, an evaluation of the setup for 360° DIC regarding its use in deducing biomimetic principles is given. Furthermore, we propose a way to improve and apply the method for future measurements.

Sharing is Caring: Towards Analyzing Attack Surfaces on Shared Hosting Providers (2024)

Hörnemann, Jan ; Pohlmann, Norbert ; Urban, Tobias ; Große-Kampmann, Matteo

Abstract In this paper, we shed light on shared hosting services’ security and trust implications and measure their attack surfaces. To do so, we analyzed 30 shared hosters and found that all of them might leak relevant information, which could be abused unnoticed. An adversary could use this attack surface to covertly extract data from various third parties registered with a shared hoster. Furthermore, we found that most hosters suffer from vulnerabilities that can be used by an internal attacker (i.e., someone using the service) to compromise other hosted services or the entire system.

Comparing Apples to Androids: Discovery, Retrieval, and Matching of iOS and Android Apps for Cross-Platform Analyses (2024)

Steinböck, Magdalena ; Bleier, Jakob ; Rainer, Mikka ; Urban, Tobias ; Utz, Christine ; Lindorfer, Martina

Abstract For years, researchers have been analyzing mobile Android apps to investigate diverse properties such as software engineering practices, business models, security, privacy, or usability, as well as differences between marketplaces. While similar studies on iOS have been limited, recent work has started to analyze and compare Android apps with those for iOS. To obtain the most representative analysis results across platforms, the ideal approach is to compare their characteristics and behavior for the same set of apps, e. g., to study a set of apps for iOS and their respective counterparts for Android. Previous work has only attempted to identify and evaluate such cross-platform apps to a limited degree, mostly comparing sets of apps independently drawn from app stores, manually matching small sets of apps, or relying on brittle matches based on app and developer names. This results in (1) comparing apps whose behavior and properties significantly differ, (2) limited scalability, and (3) the risk of matching only a small fraction of apps. In this work, we propose a novel approach to create an extensive dataset of cross-platform apps for the iOS and Android ecosystems. We describe an analysis pipeline for discovering, retrieving, and matching apps from the Apple App Store and Google Play Store that we used to create a set of 3,322 cross-platform apps out of 10,000 popular apps for iOS and Android, respectively. We evaluate existing and new approaches for cross-platform app matching against a set of reference pairs that we obtained from Google's data migration service. We identify a combination of seven features from app store metadata and the apps themselves to match iOS and Android apps with high confidence (95.82 %). Compared to previous attempts that identified 14 % of apps as cross-platform, we are able to match 34 % of apps in our dataset. To foster future research in the cross-platform analysis of mobile apps, we make our pipeline available to the community.

Exploring the Effects of Cybersecurity Awareness and Decision-Making Under Risk (2025)

Hörnemann, Jan ; Braun, Oskar ; Theis, Daniel ; Pohlmann, Norbert ; Urban, Tobias ; Große-Kampmann, Matteo

Abstract This paper challenges the conventional assumption in cybersecurity that users act as rational actors. Despite numerous technical solutions, awareness campaigns, and organizational strategies aimed at bolstering cybersecurity, these often overlook the prevalence of non-rational user behavior. Our study, involving a survey of 208 participants, empirically demonstrates this aspect. We found that a significant portion of users (55.3%) would accept a substantial risk (35%) to click on a potentially malicious link or attachment. This propensity increases to 61% when users are led to believe there is a 65% chance of facing no adverse consequences. To address this irrationality, we explored the efficacy of nudging mechanisms within email systems. Our qualitative user study revealed that incorporating a simple colored nudge in the email intably enhance the ability of users to discern malicious emails, improving decision-making accuracy by an average of 10%.

Endothelial tip-cell position, filopodia formation and biomechanics require BMPR2 expression and signaling (2025)

Hiepen, Christian ; Benamar, Mounir ; Barrasa-Fano, Jorge ; Condor, Mar ; Ilhan, Mustafa ; Münch, Juliane ; Hastar, Nurcan ; Kerkhoff, Yannic ; Harms, Gregory S. ; Mielke, Thorsten ; Koenig, Benjamin ; Block, Stephan ; Rocks, Oliver ; Abdelilah-Seyfried, Salim ; Van Oosterwyck, Hans ; Knaus, Petra

Abstract Blood vessel formation relies on biochemical and mechanical signals, particularly during sprouting angiogenesis when endothelial tip cells (TCs) guide sprouting through filopodia formation. The contribution of BMP receptors in defining tip-cell characteristics is poorly understood. Our study combines genetic, biochemical, and molecular methods together with 3D traction force microscopy, which reveals an essential role of BMPR2 for actin-driven filopodia formation and mechanical properties of endothelial cells (ECs). Targeting of Bmpr2 reduced sprouting angiogenesis in zebrafish and BMPR2-deficient human ECs formed fewer filopodia, affecting cell migration and actomyosin localization. Spheroid assays revealed a reduced sprouting of BMPR2-deficient ECs in fibrin gels. Even more strikingly, in mosaic spheroids, BMPR2-deficient ECs failed to acquire tip-cell positions. Yet, 3D traction force microscopy revealed that these distinct cell behaviors of BMPR2-deficient tip cells cannot be explained by differences in force-induced matrix deformations, even though these cells adopted distinct cone-shaped morphologies. Notably, BMPR2 positively regulates local CDC42 activity at the plasma membrane to promote filopodia formation. Our findings reveal that BMPR2 functions as a nexus integrating biochemical and biomechanical processes crucial for TCs during angiogenesis.

Chapter 30: Air Navigation Services and Air Traffic Management (issue 191, December 2024) (2024)

Rühmkorf, Andreas

Ultrasonically Deposited Boron-Doped Silicon Decorated with Laser-Generated Iridium Nanoparticles as Manufacturing Approach for OER Electrodes in PEM Water Electrolysis (2025)

Kazamer, Norbert ; Tack, Meike ; Spree, Mathias ; Underberg, Martin ; Rost, Ulrich ; Reichenberger, Sven ; Cieluch, Maximilian ; Salih, Haujin ; Wirkert, Florian ; Böhn, Leonard ; Roth, Jeffrey ; Nallathambi, Varatharaja ; Gault, Baptiste ; Baer, Christoph ; Orend, Kerstin ; Barcikowski, Stephan ; Hülser, Tim ; Brodmann, Michael

Abstract The study introduces flexible and scalable manufacturing approach for electrodes utilizing boron-doped silicon as conductive support for iridium nanoparticles, addressing the challenges of cost and scarcity associated with noble catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Colloidal Ir nanoparticles are synthesized via pulsed-laser ablation (≈4–7 nm) and decorated on B-doped Si (≈100 nm) through electrostatic adsorption. Titanium substrates are ultrasonically sprayed with Si:B – Ir and Ir nanoparticles with very low iridium loading of 12 wt.%. Crystalline Ir phases (Ir(111), Ir(200)) are observed and known to enhance the OER mechanism. Additionally, atom probe tomography confirms that the Si support particles contained 0.03-0.5 at.% of boron throughout the entire particle, while electrical permittivity and through-plane measurements reveal a positive impact of B-doped Si on the electrical conductivity of the nanocatalysts and of the ultralow-loaded catalyst coated Ti substrates (0.12 mgIr cm−2), respectively. Rotating disk electrode results show pronounced oxidation peaks for decorated Ir nanoparticles. The Si:B-Ir 4 nm catalyst exhibits the highest turnover frequency (2.62 s−1) and a competitive electrochemical surface area (25 m2 gIr−1) compared to Si:B-Ir 7 nm (0.96 s−1; 37.5 m2 gIr−1) and Ir black (0.24 s−1; 5 m2 gIr−1). The overall analysis of the parameters highlights a performant catalytic efficiency, through balancing activity and reaction kinetics effectively.

Impact of hBN Content on the Tribological Behavior and Thermal Diffusivity of HVOF-Sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr Coatings (2024)

Eßler, Julian ; Woelk, Dino ; Utu, Ion-Dragos ; Marginean, Gabriela

Abstract Considering the significant health risks posed by hard chrome plating during its application, thermally sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr cermet coatings represent a suitable alternative. Incorporating hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as a dry lubricant into the feedstock powder can further enhance wear resistance and thermal conductivity, crucial for preventing premature failure caused by inadequate lubrication. In this study, the mass fraction of hBN was varied between 0 and 15 wt.% to assess its influence on the tribological performance of the coatings using pin-on-disk tests. The coating’s hardness was measured via the Vickers method, and its cracking tendency at the coating/substrate interface was evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to analyze the microstructure and phase composition, while thermal diffusivity was determined using the laser flash method. The findings revealed that the inclusion of hBN, at concentrations of up to 10 wt.%, leads to an improvement in thermal diffusivity and a reduction in the coefficient of friction. However, exceeding this threshold leads to a decrease in hardness and increased crack formation tendency, highlighting the trade-off between frictional and mechanical properties.

Analysis of the Potential for Thermal Flexibility of Cooling Applications (2024)

Laband, Dana Laureen ; Esken, Henning ; Pollerberg, Clemens ; Joemann, Michael ; Doetsch, Christian

Abstract The feed-in of electricity from renewable energies, such as wind or solar power, fluctuates based on weather conditions. This unpredictability due to volatile feed-in can lead to sudden changes in energy generation so that solutions ensuring grid stability need to be implemented. The cooling sector offers the opportunity to create flexibilities for such balancing, with this study focusing on the thermal flexibilities that can be provided by cooling applications. Various cooling-demand profiles are investigated with respect to their load profile and their impact on flexibility is analysed. In addition to the cooling demand, scenarios of different storage dimensions are considered. As a result, it shows that an increasing base-load level and increasing operating-load duration have a negative effect on flexibility, while an increasing full-load duration is beneficial for flexibility. Storage size also has a strong impact as higher storage capacity and storage performance indicate higher flexibility, whereas above a certain size they only provide little added value.

The Power of Responsibility: Unlocking the Potential of CSR in Hospitality’s Fight against Food Waste (2024)

Ma, Zhiren ; Brugni, Talles Vianna ; Hector, Heiko ; Sauer, Bernd

Abstract This research focuses on the significant role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in shaping employees’ behavior towards the reduction of food waste in the hospitality industry that has been under scrutiny for its environmental impact. The study aimed at understanding how CSR, coupled with employees’ moral attitudes, admiration for their organization, and climate change awareness influences sustainable practices by realizing the complex interplay between company initiatives and personal psychology. The participants were staff members who worked in several hotels in China where there were active CSR programs. Using established scales, we collected 422 valid responses over three waves to strengthen our data collection process. Empirically, it was found that CSR directly influenced food-waste-reduction behavior. Additionally, it was discovered that this relationship was mediated by moral attitudes and employee admiration as well as moderated by awareness of climate change. The findings have substantial theoretical implications regarding the interaction between emotional and cognitive factors within the CSR framework to influence behavior among employees. This paves the way for creating well-rounded strategies that appeal to staff and encourage sustainability in the hotel business. While focused on China’s hospitality industry, this research creates room for future studies in other places around the world using various methods. The conclusions drawn underline the critical role of CSR in promoting environmental sustainability in the hospitality industry, providing a pathway for organizations to engage employees in meaningful and impactful sustainability initiatives.

Development of a Seed Treatment with Pochonia chlamydosporia for Biocontrol Application (2024)

Uthoff, Jana ; Jakobs-Schönwandt, Desiree ; Dietz, Karl-Josef ; Patel, Anant

Abstract Seed treatment is a powerful technique for adding beneficial ingredients to plants during the seed preparation process. Biopolymers as drying agents and delivery systems in seed treatments were investigated for their biocompatibility with blastospores of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. To produce a novel seed treatment for the cover crop Phacelia tanacetifolia, xanthan gum TG and gellan gum were the most promising biopolymers in combination with potato starch and bentonite. The seed treatment process as well as the drying process were specially designed to be scalable, which make it suitable for applying the developed seed treatment in agriculture. Application of gellan gum in seed treatments led to 6.3% ± 1.6% of vital blastospores per seed compared to 3.8% ± 0.3% of vital blastospores when applying xanthan gum. Storage tests for seed treatments with 0.5% gellan gum indicated a higher stability at 4 °C compared to storage at 21 °C. After 42 days of storage at 4 °C, 54.1% ± 15.1% of the applied blastospores were viable compared to 0.3% ± 0.8% at 21 °C. This novel seed treatment application with P. chlamydosporia blastospores includes the seed treatment procedure, drying process, and storage tests and can easily be upscaled for application in agriculture.

Benchmarking Hyper-Breakpoints for Efficient Virtual Machine Introspection (2025)

Beierlieb, Lukas ; Schmitz, Alexander ; Springer, Raphael ; Dietrich, Christian ; Iffländer, Lukas

Abstract: Virtual Machine Introspection (VMI) is a powerful technology used to detect and analyze malicious software inside Virtual Machines (VMs) from outside. Asynchronously accessing the VM ’s memory can be insufficient for efficiently monitoring what is happening inside of a VM. Active VMI introduces breakpoints to intercept VM execution at relevant points. Especially for frequently visited breakpoints, and even more so for production systems, it is crucial to keep their performance overhead as low as possible. In this paper, we provide a systematization of existing VMI breakpoint implementation variants, propose workloads to quantify the different performance penalties of breakpoints, and implement them in the benchmarking application bpbench. We used this benchmark to measure that, on an Intel Core i5 7300U, SmartVMI’s breakpoints take around 81 μs to handle, and keeping the breakpoint invisible costs an additional 21 μs per read access. The availability of bpbench facilitates the comparison of disparate breakpoint mechanisms and their performance optimization with immediate feedback.

Internationale Handelsgeschäfte: das Recht des grenzüberschreitenden Handels (2024)

Rühmkorf, Andreas

Fakten statt Fakes : wie Medien und Organisationen wieder glaubwürdiger werden (2023)

Frohne, Julia ; Güttler, Alexander

Fake News, PR-Skandal, Mainstream-Presse – diese Schlagworte kennzeichnen vor allem eines: den Vertrauensverlust der Öffentlichkeit in die Berichterstattung von Medien und Unternehmen. In einem nahezu unentwirrbaren Kommunikationsdschungel aus Medien, Internetportalen und sozialen Plattformen wird es nicht nur für Laien immer schwieriger, verlässliche und unseriöse Kommunikation voneinander zu unterscheiden. So steigt die Anzahl derer, die professioneller Kommunikation mit Misstrauen begegnen und in ihr vor allem Einflussnahme oder gar Manipulation sehen. Aus den Augen gerät dabei oft, dass Deutschland über eines der freiheitlichsten und vielfältigsten Mediensysteme der Welt verfügt. Das Buch diskutiert die Grenzen zwischen Manipulation und Kommunikation on- wie offline und zeigt, wie man schlampige und seriöse Meinungsmacher unterscheidet, welche Rolle Fakten spielen und wie Medien und Unternehmen dazu beitragen können, dass Glaubwürdigkeit in der medialen Debatte wieder einen Stellenwert bekommt.

Evolutionary processes of cluster policies in post-industrial regions: implementing the smart specialisation strategy in the Ruhr Metropolis (2024)

Beck, Rasmus C. ; Domanski, Dmitri ; Frohne, Julia

Focusing on the implementation of the Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3), the chapter examines the development of cluster policies in the Ruhr Metropolis as a post-industrial region. The chapter traces the historical development of the Ruhr Area from its industrial peak in the 20th century to its slow transformation into a post-industrial landscape characterised by high urban density, new knowledge-based clusters and a persistent structural lack of effective regional cooperation. The analysis shows the conceptual shift from traditional cluster policies to the S3 approach, introduced by the European Union in 2014. The Smart Specialisation Strategy calls for a focus on comparative regional strengths and the involvement of a wide range of stakeholders in the identification of clusters for sustainable economic growth. The chapter also discusses the challenges and milestones in developing a coherent and effective Smart Specialisation Strategy, emphasising the need for inter-municipal cooperation and a new multi-level approach to regional governance. Using the case of the Ruhr Metropolis, the chapter highlights the opportunities and constraints of S3 policies to revitalise post-industrial regions by promoting innovation and adapting to global economic trends in cluster development, thus showing a way forward for other regions with similar structural challenges.

Understanding Regional Filter Lists: Efficacy and Impact (2025)

Böttger, Christian ; Demir, Nurullah ; Hörnemann, Jan ; Acharyi, Bhupendra ; Holz, Thorsten ; Pohlmann, Norbert ; Große-Kampmann, Matteo ; Urban, Tobias

Abstract Filter lists are used by various users, tools, and researchers to identify tracking technologies on the Web. These lists are created and maintained by dedicated communities. Aside from popular blocking lists (e.g., EasyList), the communities create region-specific blocklists that account for trackers and ads that are only common in these regions. The lists aim to keep the size of a general blocklist minimal while protecting users against region-specific trackers. In this paper, we perform a large-scale Web measurement study to understand how different region-specific filter lists (e.g., a blocklist specifically designed for French users) protect users when visiting websites. We define three privacy scenarios to understand when and how users benefit from these regional lists and what effect they have in practice. The results show that although the lists differ significantly, the number of rules they contain is unrelated to the number of blocked requests. We find that the lists’ overall efficacy varies notably. Filter lists also do not meet the expectation that they increase user protection in the regions for which they were designed. Finally, we show that the majority of the rules on the lists were not used in our experiment and that only a fraction of the rules would provide comparable protection for users.

Corporate debt ratios and managerial personality traits: A content analysis of chief executive officers’ speeches at annual general meetings (2025)

Rojahn, Joachim ; Sülzenbrück, Sandra ; Lübke, Karsten

This study contributes to the literature by analysing the joint association of managerial overconfidence, certainty, narcissism, and the Big Five personality traits with debt ratios in the institutional setting of the German two-tier system. Moreover, it provides insights into how corporate governance quality moderates the effects of personality. The analysis relied on the chief executive officers’ (CEOs’) speeches at annual general meetings (AGMs) that were voluntarily disseminated, a novel data source. Managers’ personality traits were measured using software-aided content analysis, and their impact on the debt ratio was analysed using panel regressions. Consistent with previous studies, the debt ratios of German issuers are significantly and positively related to the proxies of managerial certainty and narcissism. However, their model inclusion contributes only marginally to explanatory power. Conversely, the coefficients of the proxies for the Big Five personality traits remained statistically non-significant. Moreover, a significantly negative relationship between debt ratios and the interaction term between a proxy for corporate governance quality and managerial certainty is observed that corresponds to the risk-mitigating impact of corporate governance.

Motorisches Lernen (2024)

Hegele, Mathias ; Sülzenbrück, Sandra

In diesem Kapitel geben wir einen Überblick über unterschiedliche Forschungstraditionen im Bereich des motorischen Lernens, indem wir motorisches Lernen auf unterschiedlichen Zeitskalen betrachten: Sensomotorische Adaptation beschreibt motorisches Lernen auf der kürzesten Zeitskala. Fertigkeitserwerb bezieht sich auf den länger andauernden Erwerb eines neuen Bewegungsablaufs. Fitness oder evolutionäres motorisches Lernen thematisiert angeborene Verhaltensweisen, die sich im Laufe der Stammesgeschichte als nützlich erwiesen haben, und wird der Vollständigkeit halber am Ende des Kapitels kurz umrissen.

Blended police firearms training improves performance in shoot/don't shoot scenarios: a systematic replication with police cadets (2024)

Olma, Joshua ; Sülzenbrück, Sandra ; Sutter, Christine

Senior police officers' tactical gaze control and visual attention improve with an individual video-based police firearms training. To validate the efficacy of said intervention training, a previous experiment was systematically replicated with a sample of N = 52 second-year police cadets. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention training that focused on situational awareness, tactical gaze control, and visual attention, or an active control training that addressed traditional marksmanship skills. In a pre- and post-test, they had to engage in dynamic shoot/don't shoot video scenarios in an indoor firing range. Overall, the previous findings were replicated: Baseline levels of performance were elevated, yet the intervention group significantly improved their response time and time until the first hit. False positive decision-making cannot be reported at all; false negatives were marginal in the pre-test and eliminated after training. Further, the outcomes of the previous sample of senior officers and the present sample of cadets are compared and lead to the conclusion that the presented approach is a valuable extension of current training standards for both senior police officers and police cadets.

Improvement by imagining actions: Bimanual transfer effects after action imagery practice in a sequential reaction time task (2025)

Dahm, Stephan ; Rieger, Martina ; Sülzenbrück, Sandra

Action-imagery-practice refers to the repetitive use of action imagery to improve subsequent performance leading to partially different representation types than action-execution-practice (AEP). This study explored the representation types in kinesthetic action-imagery-practice (K-AIP) and visual action-imagery-practice (V-AIP) in a serial reaction time task using the crossed hand transfer paradigm. 169 participants (age M ± SD = 25.2 ± 3.9) were randomly assigned to AEP, K-AIP, V-AIP, or control-practice (CP), practicing with uncrossed hands on ten consecutive days. Tests involved the same sequence, a mirror sequence, a shifted sequence, and a shifted mirror sequence, each with uncrossed and crossed hands. With crossed hands, sequence-specific transfer effects indicated only little evidence for effector-independent representations in late stages of learning in AEP and V-AIP. Performance in the same sequence with uncrossed hands indicated the acquisition of stimulus-response location associated effector-dependent sequence-specific representations in AEP, K-AIP and V-AIP, but not in CP. These visual-spatial effector-dependent representations were stronger after AEP than after AIP. Overall, no important differences between both AIP groups were observed, and both groups reported similar focus on kinesthesis and vision, suggesting that irrespective of the instructions, rather than focusing on one single modality, AIP always involves a combination of both modalities - vision and kinesthesis - that promote motor learning.

Lessons from robot‐assisted disaster response deployments by the German Rescue Robotics Center task force (2023)

Surmann, Hartmut ; Daun, Kevin ; Schnaubelt, Marius ; von Stryk, Oskar ; Patchou, Manuel ; Böcker, Stefan ; Wietfeld, Christian ; Quenzel, Jan ; Schleich, Daniel ; Behnke, Sven ; Grafe, Robert ; Heidemann, Nils ; Slomma, Dominik ; Kruijff‐Korbayová, Ivana

Abstract Earthquakes, fire, and floods often cause structural collapses of buildings. However, the inspection of such damaged buildings poses a high risk for emergency forces or is even impossible. We present three recently selected missions of the Robotics Task Force of the German Rescue Robotics Center (DRZ), where both ground and aerial robots were used to explore destroyed buildings. We describe and reflect the missions as well as the lessons learned that have resulted from them. To make robots from research laboratories fit for real operations, realistic outdoor and indoor test environments were set up at the DRZ and used for tests in regular exercises by researchers and emergency forces. On the basis of this experience, the robots and their control software were significantly improved. Furthermore, expert teams of researchers and first responders were formed, each with realistic assessments of the operational and practical suitability of robotic systems.

Integrity Assessment of Electron-Beam-Welded Joints of Additively Manufactured AlSi10Mg Components (2023)

Moeini, Ghazal ; Merghany, Mohamed ; Vogelsang, Joerg ; Sajadifar, Seyed Vahid ; Tenkamp, Jochen ; Niendorf, Thomas ; Walther, Frank

Abstract Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) is found to be a promising processing method for the fabrication of components with no limits of complexity by adding layers upon layers of material. However, drawbacks such as pro- ductivity and dimension limitations adversely affect the employment of com- ponents processed by additive manufacturing (AM) in envisaged applications. This brings welding and joining techniques into play to integrate AM metal parts into larger assemblies. In the present study, electron beam welding is used to join the AlSi10Mg specimens, fabricated via two different manufacturing processes, that is, PBF-LB/M and casting. The main focus is to study the quasistatic and fatigue behavior of similar and dissimilar welded joints in different combinations, namely AM–AM, AM–cast, and cast–cast, alongside thorough microstructure analysis, to investigate the correlation between the microscopic and macroscopic properties. Dissimilar welded joints demonstrate inferior material strength. This fact can be attributed to the inherent coarse microstructure of the cast material. Although similar welded joints of AM components suffer from high porosity in the weld zone, they are characterized by a better fatigue life, which can be attributed to the equiaxed eutectic microstructure in the welded area.

From waste to value? Valuation and materiality in geographies of industrial by-product use (2024)

Angstmann, Marius

Abstract Discussions about the environmental impacts of production and consumption are fuelling interest in strategies to transform industrial regions. While economic geography and regional development research extensively cover sustainable innovation and green regional development, innovation diffusion, demand-side aspects, and market emergence are often neglected. This paper illustrates how an enhanced valuation perspective that integrates materiality more directly helps to assess dynamic social processes of valuation in the case of low-carbon, resource efficient solutions. Through a path tracing approach, the paper assesses how two industrial by-products, slag sand and fly ash, evolved into highly valued secondary resources in Germany's Ruhr. Regional availability, market devices, and institutional work influence different dimensions of market valuation in waste-to-value processes. Insights on different phases of the development provide hint on how to organise and foster regional circular solutions. Findings may inform research and policy to advance emerging green industries, market creation for sustainable resources, and industrial decarbonisation, where the materiality of technologies and resources plays a key role.

Anchoring challenges through citizen participation in regional challenge-based innovation policies (2024)

Butzin, Anna ; Rabadjieva, Maria ; Terstriep, Judith

Abstract This study focuses on citizen participation as a co-productive and knowledge-intensive process in innovation policies concerned with regionally anchoring grand challenges. We apply a process-tracing approach and analyse citizen participation in two regional challenge-based innovation policies in the Ruhr, Germany. Local sensemaking, problem ownership, iterations and knowledge co-production are discussed as key mechanisms in the anchoring process. The results reveal the importance of a collective dimension in interpreting the local problem setting of a challenge achieved by reaching out to numerous citizens and how local, corrective and actionable knowledge facilitate the regional challenge anchoring. The policy formulation phase required the highest level of knowledge co-produced with citizens, followed by the implementation phase.

Spatial effects of carbon pricing on transport equity (2024)

Keuchel, Stephan ; Lohrmann, David

Abstract There is an ongoing process that greenhouse gas emissions of transport will be incorporated in the European Emissions Trading System. The cap-and-trade approach will result in substantial price increases for fossil fuels which will affect affordability of the transport systems. Within this paper the regressive effect on car-owning households is described in different area categories of the urban and rural region in Germany. Equal-per-household redistribution of the carbon revenue could reverse the regressive effect into a progressive effect. However, there is substantial variation within the different economic status groups leaving notable shares of households with a very low economic status without a positive net transfer. This share will be lowest in the metropolises of the urban region and highest in small-sized cities/village areas of the urban and rural region. Particularly in the latter area categories, these households may need temporary mobility allowances due to limited abatement options. Despite the environmental bonus, electric car-owning households still belong to groups of higher economic status, and public transport supply is limited, particularly in the small-sized cities/village areas of the urban and rural region.

Level-set-based topology optimization of threedimensional structures considering the manufacturing process with realistic milling tools (2024)

Colling, Christopher ; Schumacher, Axel ; Mecking, Klaus

Abstract In this work, we develop an approach for the level set based topology optimization of millable 3D structures. We focus on the 3-axis machining with realistic formed milling tools. The basis of the method lies in the identification of surface areas that cannot be reached by a given milling tool during optimization. For this purpose, we present an interpolation method that identifies these areas by an interpolation of the level set function along the outer contours of realistic milling tools, considering available machining directions. To minimize inaccessible surfaces, we define a potential field whose values decrease linearly into the outer normal direction of the structure. The inaccessible boundaries are pushed outward by minimizing their respective potential and therefore become accessible. Manufacturability is integrated into the optimization problem as an explicit constraint.

Requirement analysis for an AI-based AR assistance system for surgical tools in the operating room: stakeholder requirements and technical perspectives (2024)

Cramer, E. ; Kucharski, A. B. ; Kreimeier, J. ; Andreß, S. ; Li, S. ; Walk, C. ; Merkl, F. ; Högl, J. ; Wucherer, P. ; Stefan, P. ; von Eisenhart-Rothe, R. ; Enste, P. ; Roth, D.

Abstract Purpose We aim to investigate the integration of augmented reality (AR) within the context of increasingly complex surgical procedures and instrument handling toward the transition to smart operating rooms (OR). In contrast to cumbersome paper-based surgical instrument manuals still used in the OR, we wish to provide surgical staff with an AR head-mounted display that provides in-situ visualization and guidance throughout the assembly process of surgical instruments. Our requirement analysis supports the development and provides guidelines for its transfer into surgical practice. Methods A three-phase user-centered design approach was applied with online interviews, an observational study, and a workshop with two focus groups with scrub nurses, circulating nurses, surgeons, manufacturers, clinic IT staff, and members of the sterilization department. The requirement analysis was based on key criteria for usability. The data were analyzed via structured content analysis. Results We identified twelve main problems with the current use of paper manuals. Major issues included sterile users’ inability to directly handle non-sterile manuals, missing details, and excessive text information, potentially delaying procedure performance. Major requirements for AR-driven guidance fall into the categories of design, practicability, control, and integration into the current workflow. Additionally, further recommendations for technical development could be obtained. Conclusion In conclusion, our insights have outlined a comprehensive spectrum of requirements that are essential for the successful implementation of an AI- and AR-driven guidance for assembling surgical instruments. The consistently appreciative evaluation by stakeholders underscores the profound potential of AR and AI technology as valuable assistance and guidance.

Micro-macro modeling of tensile behavior of a friction stir welded hybrid joint of AlSi10Mg parts produced by powder bed fusion and casting (2024)

Rajan, Aravindh Nammalvar Raja ; Krochmal, Marcel ; Wegener, Thomas ; Hartmaier, Alexander ; Niendorf, Thomas ; Moeini, Ghazal

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has gained considerable interest due to its ability to produce lightweight parts with hierarchical microstructures. However, the current constraints on the build chamber size in powder-bed fusion type AM processes limit its industrial application. A hybrid welded joint, consisting of an AM-processed and a conventionally manufactured part, can be employed to produce larger components. Due to the varying processing conditions, these hybrid welded joints contain a wide range of microstructural heterogeneities, which influences the mechanical properties of the joint. Using a numerical model to predict the mechanical behavior of welded joints by considering the microstructural variations is essential for the safe and reliable implementation of hybrid welded joints. This study aims to predict the local tensile behavior of each region of a hybrid friction-stir welded joint of AlSi10Mg produced by laser-based powder bed fusion and casting using a microstructure-sensitive model as well as the global tensile behavior by considering the properties of each region using a joint macroscopic model. The results from this modeling approach agree well with the experimental results. Therefore, this method can predict the mechanical behavior of hybrid welded joints and can establish the structure–property relationship in each weld region.

Integrating 6G and Tactile Internet in Participatory Healthcare: A Pathway to Enhanced Security and Resilience (2024)

Urban, Tobias ; Große-Kampmann, Matteo

This paper discusses the transformative potential of 6G technology and the tactile Internet in reshaping participatory healthcare models while architecturing these digital healthcare systems with security and resiliency by design. As healthcare continues to advance towards more inclusive and patient-centered approaches, the role of emerging technologies like mobile health, 6G, and the Internet will become increasingly significant in facilitating these interactions while ensuring the security and privacy of patient data. Furthermore, the organizations providing healthcare to patients must ensure compliance with different regulations, which are also focusing more and more on cybersecurity issues.

Adolf Weber's Munich School of Economics and Its Influence on the Early Bundesbank: The Example of Bernhard Benning (2024)

Greitens, Jan

This article analyses the early years of the history of the Bundesbank from a history of economic thought perspective. The study uses the example of Bernhard Benning, who headed the Economics Department of the Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft, one of the major banks owned by the German Reich during the National Socialist era. After the war Benning was appointed a member of the board of directors of the Deutsche Bundesbank for twenty-two years. As a student of Adolf Weber and his Munich school of economics, Benning's views were shaped by classical liberal rather than ordoliberal ideas. His legitimacy in postwar Germany stemmed from his public opposition to war financing and warnings about inflation during the Donner-Benning Debate of 1942–43. In this tradition, the early Bundesbank was Weberian rather than ordoliberal, so, for instance, fixed exchange rates were favored, and a strong business and investment perspective was adopted.

Protective effects of dispositional resilience and mindfulness against emotional exhaustion from workplace social stressors (2024)

Externbrink, Kai ; Thiem, Verena

Experiencing relational devaluation at work through social stressors has been linked to various detrimental outcomes. In the current study, we investigate the role of hardiness and mindfulness as personal resources which help employees to effectively cope with such stressors and thereby prevent burnout. We focus on trait mindfulness as the innate capacity of paying and maintaining attention to present-moment experiences with an open and nonjudgmental attitude. It has been shown to promote concentration and well-being and to facilitate decision making; it is often seen as an important resource for overcoming challenges in everyday work life. Hardiness also constitutes a personality profile of dispositional resilience that describes how people deal with stressful events and includes the core aspects of challenge (conviction that challenges offer opportunities), engagement (actively tackling tasks and challenges) and a sense of control (conviction of influence over one's own life circumstances). People with high hardiness show better health and higher job satisfaction and performance. We build our hypothesis according to the extended version of the Job Demands–Resources model, which states that personal resources protect employees from burnout, because they shape employees’ perceptions of and reactions towards their work environment. In a similar vein, stress theory suggests that personal resources mitigate burnout through lower stress appraisals, greater use of adaptive coping, and flexibility in matching coping to appraisals. We measured social stressors at work with the scale developed by Frese et al and further asked participants to work on the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale and the short version of the Revised Norwegian Dispositional Resilience (Hardiness) Scale. Our cross-sectional study was based on a sample of N = 174 employees from a broad range of organizations and job types. Statistical Analyses revealed significant negative correlations of both personal resources with reported symptoms of burnout and the perception of social stressors as well. However, in line with prior research, they indeed did not attenuate the relationship between social stressors and emotional exhaustion at work. Theoretical and practical implications as well as limitations and avenues for future research are discussed.

STOUT V2.0: SMILES to IUPAC name conversion using transformer models (2024)

Rajan, Kohulan ; Zielesny, Achim ; Steinbeck, Christoph

Naming chemical compounds systematically is a complex task governed by a set of rules established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). These rules are universal and widely accepted by chemists worldwide, but their complexity makes it challenging for individuals to consistently apply them accurately. A translation method can be employed to address this challenge. Accurate translation of chemical compounds from SMILES notation into their corresponding IUPAC names is crucial, as it can significantly streamline the laborious process of naming chemical structures. Here, we present STOUT (SMILES-TO-IUPAC-name translator) V2, which addresses this challenge by introducing a transformer-based model that translates string representations of chemical structures into IUPAC names. Trained on a dataset of nearly 1 billion SMILES strings and their corresponding IUPAC names, STOUT V2 demonstrates exceptional accuracy in generating IUPAC names, even for complex chemical structures. The model’s ability to capture intricate patterns and relationships within chemical structures enables it to generate precise and standardised IUPAC names. While established deterministic algorithms remain the gold standard for systematic chemical naming, our work, enabled by access to OpenEye’s Lexichem software through an academic license, demonstrates the potential of neural approaches to complement existing tools in chemical nomenclature.

Entlastung durch Digitalisierung und künstliche Intelligenz (2024)

Urban, Tobias ; Frohne, Julia ; Küffmann, Karin ; Kuhlmann, Christian

Improving the Accuracy of PV Yield Calculation by Exploitation of Real Weather Data (2025)

Schneider, Andreas ; Buschmann, Matthias ; Rabanal-Arabach, Jorge ; Chochollek, Julia ; Nierhoff, Thomas

The precision of yield calculation of modern design and simulation software for photovoltaic systems strongly rely, beside the accuracy of the specified module and inverter data, on the quality of the weather data. Since data from weather stations is not available for most locations world-wide this data is calculated by using modern interpolation methods. Beside this, simulation software typically uses historical weather data. In this work the mismatch of yield simulation results based on proprietary data, meaning interpolated or also called synthetical data, and data coming from a weather station in proximity to the installation is evaluated. The simulated data sets are compared to measurement data as obtained by the inverter output and hence give a profound understanding how interpolated data may influence the simulation results. The outcome shows that the quality of the yield simulation, if compared to the measurement data, is increased by a factor of up to four if on-site weather data is used as input for the simulation. The largest source of deviation is irradiation, which varies up to 10% if synthetical and measured irradiation on-site is compared. The second largest sources for simulation mismatches are power calculation and module temperature correction.

Einsatz hardwaregestützter Virtualisierungstechnologien in der Malwareanalyse und Angriffserkennung (2021)

Schmitz, Alexander

Diese Arbeit ist das Ergebnis einer Recherche in den technischen Themengebieten hardwaregestützten Systemvirtualisierung, Virtual-Machine-Introspection (VMI) und VM-Erkennungsmechanismen sowie deren Abwehr. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf dem Einsatz dieser Technologien in der Malwareanalyse oder der Angriffserkennung im Kontext einer EDR-Sensorik. Es werden die grundlegenden Konzepte und Begriffe Systemvirtualisierung eingeführt, erklärt und zu verwandten Gebieten abgegrenzt. Der Weg über die Erweiterung bestehender Schutz-Konzepte moderner CPUs und Betriebssysteme wird beschrieben hin zu Befehlssatzerweiterungen, welche die Hypervisor-Software bei der Bildung der Abstraktionsebenen unterstützen. Dabei wird die Verwendung der Virtualisierungserweiterungen VT-x und AMD-V für die IA32/AMD64-ISA erklärt einschließlich verschiedener Methoden zur Virtualisierung des Paging-Systems. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf dem „Second Level Address Translation“-Konzept (SLAT). Neben der Betrachtung der PC-Prozessoren wird auch die Virtualisierungsfunktionalitäten der ARMv8-Architektur erläutert und deren Verwendung beispielhaft beschrieben. Im Kontext der Malwareanalyse und Angriffserkennung ist es besonders relevant, dass Virtualisierungs- und Analyseumgebungen nicht erkannt werden können. Es werden verschiedene Erkennungsansätze und Verfahren diese abzuwehren beschrieben. Um Malware unbemerkt analysieren zu können bietet sich die Analyse über den Hypervisor mittels Virtual-Machine-Introspection (VMI) an. Diese wird erklärt, deren Schwierigkeiten bezüglich des Semantic-Gaps benannt und Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, diesen Problemen zu begegnen. Zudem werden einige wichtige VMI-Bibliotheken und Verfahren beschrieben. Abschließend werden noch zwei recht unterschiedliche Beispiellösungen kurz betrachtet. Diese sind Drakvuf als Beispiel für eine Malwareanalyse-Sandbox auf Basis von VMI und SimpleVisor, ein minimaler Modell-Hypervisor, der das Hyperjacking-Prinzip verwendet.

Digital Drawing Tools for Assessing Mental Health Conditions – A Scoping Review (2024)

Unger, Sebastian ; Robens, Sibylle ; Anderle, Laura ; Ostermann, Thomas

Introduction: Drawing tasks are an elementary component of psychological assessment in the evaluation of mental health. With the rise of digitalization not only in psychology but healthcare in general, digital drawing tools (dDTs) have also been developed for this purpose. This scoping review aims at summarizing the state of the art of dDTs available to assess mental health conditions in people above preschool age. Methods: PubMed, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, CINAHL, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection were searched for dDTs from 2000 onwards. The focus was on dDTs, which not only evaluate the final drawing, but also process data. Results: After applying the search and selection strategy, a total of 37 articles, comprising unique dDTs, remained for data extraction. Around 75 % of these articles were published after 2014 and most of them target adults (86.5 %). In addition, dDTs were mainly used in two areas: tremor detection and assessment of cognitive states, utilizing, for example, the Spiral Drawing Test and the Clock Drawing Test. Conclusion: Early detection of mental diseases is an increasingly important field in healthcare. Through the integration of digital and art based solutions, this area could expand into an interdisciplinary science. This review shows that the first steps in this direction have already been taken and that the possibilities for further research, e.g., on the optimized application of dDTs, are still open.

Worth Every Penny: The Invaluable Returns of Investing in Intercultural and Interdisciplinary Project-Based Learning in Higher Education (2024)

Meyer, Manfred

When organizing intercultural and interdisciplinary Project-Based Learning (PBL) activities across Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), the organizational and resource implications, along with the associated financial challenges, soon become crucial. Even promising approaches may not take off as a simple ‘return on investment’ view and funding decision may not fully address their various impacts on students, staff, institutions and society. This paper explores the experiences within a distributed interdisciplinary project-based learning program run from 2020 to 2023 and involving more than 150 students from four continents learning 21st century skills by collaborating over one semester to address real-world problems faced by clients in partner countries. While the primary goal of this distributed interdisciplinary and intercultural project-based learning program was to offer students a truly Global Intercultural Project Experience (GIPE), this paper explores its broader impact. We found that the program significantly influenced both the academic and administrative staff at all partner universities. Furthermore, we examine the program's effect on the participating institutions themselves over the four-year period. Our conclusion is that the invaluable benefits of such interdisciplinary project-based learning extend well beyond financial metrics. They include enhanced student learning experiences, strengthened cooperation and mutual learning between academics and administrative staff, improved institutional reputation, and positive societal impact. Thus, we worked hard to convince both our university management and the world's largest funding organisation for the international exchange of students and researchers to grant financial support for another 3-year period in 2025 to 2027 during which the GIPE concept will be further developed and a permanent organizational structure shall be established based on an extended network of partner institutions and sponsors around the world.

Unleashing Personalized Education Using Large Language Models in Online Collaborative Settings (2024)

Ochoa-Luna, Jose ; Meyer, Manfred

The Artificial Intelligence community has long pursued personalized education. Over the past decades, efforts have ranged from automated advisors to Intelligent Tutoring Systems, all aimed at tailoring learning experiences to students' individual needs and interests. Unfortunately, many of these endeavors remained largely theoretical or proposed solutions challenging to implement in real-world scenarios. However, we are now in the era of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Mistral, or Claude, which exhibit promising capabilities with significant potential to impact personalized education. For instance, ChatGPT 4 can assist students in using the Socratic method in their learning process. Despite the immense possibilities these technologies offer, limited significant results are showcasing the impact of LLMs in educational settings. Therefore, this paper aims to present tools and strategies based on LLMs to address personalized education within online collaborative learning settings. To do so, we propose RAGs (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) agents that could be added to online collaborative learning platforms: a) the Oracle agent, capable of answering questions related to topics and materials uploaded to the platform.; b) the Summary agent, which can summarize and present content based on students' profiles.; c) the Socratic agent, guiding students in learning topics through close interaction.; d) the Forum agent, analyzing students' forum posts to identify challenging topics and suggest ways to overcome difficulties or foster peer collaboration.; e) the Assessment agent, presenting personalized challenges based on students' needs. f) the Proactive agent, analyzing student activity and suggesting learning paths as needed. Importantly, each RAG agent can leverage historical student data to personalize the learning experience effectively. To assess the effectiveness of this personalized approach, we plan to evaluate the use of RAGs in online collaborative learning platforms compared to previous online learning courses conducted in previous years.

Understanding the Impact of Intercultural Project-Based Learning on Students, Staff and Higher Education Institutions (2024)

Meyer, Manfred

This paper discusses the experiences of a distributed interdisciplinary project-based learning program for students across continents. For the years 2020 until 2023, we received seed-funding for four annual projects to engage students from Germany (Europe), Namibia (Africa), Indonesia (Asia), and Peru (Latin-America) to collaborate over one semester on interdisciplinary projects contributing to the solution of some real-life client’s problems in the partner countries. During this period, more than 150 students embarked on these projects with 116 of them being selected for a scholarship for an international mobility. With the guidance and support by academics from all partner universities, the students success-fully completed each project expressing deep appreciation for the learning opportunities while over¬coming challenges of working across widespread time zones, different cultures, changing requirements, and various technical difficulties. While the primary aim of this distributed interdisciplinary and intercultural project-based learning program was to provide students with a truly Global Intercultural Project Experience (GIPE), in this paper we investigate on its impact in a broader sense as it was observed that this program also had a significant impact on both academic and administrative staff at all partner universities. Finally, we also reveal the impact of this four-year-program on the participating institutions themselves and conclude that the invaluable returns of such interdisciplinary project-based learning extend far beyond financial metrics. It encompasses enhanced student learning experiences, strengthened cooperation and mutual learning between academics and administrative staff, as well as institutional reputation, and societal impact.

From Core Business to By-product : Why German Media Companies Still Invest in Journalism (2024)

Hofer, Jan ; Leicher, Darian

The emergence of digital technologies over the past two decades has brought about changes that threaten the very existence of german media companies. The journalistic business model is losing sales, and the decline in print circulations is making it successively difficult to earn money with journalistic products. Therefore, german media companies have been investing in business models that have no relation to journalism to generate growth for years – with success. Considering this development, it is astonishing from a purely economic perspective that media groups, which are increasingly developing into technology companies, are still clinging to the ailing journalistic business model at all. To examine their motives to do so, this study poses the following research question: "Why do media companies still invest in journalistic products today?" To answer it, the researcher conducted interviews with highlevel employees from media companies as part of a qualitative study. Analysis of the data revealed that media companies continue to invest in journalism mainly because they benefit economically from the brands their journalistic products represent. Other reasons like serving as a pillar of the democratic constitution or to help shape public discourse seem to be less important.

Disintermediation? Herkunft und Zukunft des bank-basierten Finanzsystems (2024)

Greitens, Jan

The question of the optimal design of financial systems, whether more bank-based or more market-based, has a long history. Four phases of the discussion can be distinguished: Before World War I, in the rivalry between Germany and England, the debate begins. Across the spectrum, from the liberal Adolf Weber to the Marxist Rudolf Hilferding and the eclectic Joseph Schumpeter, comparisons were made, and the heterogenous authors arrived at similar assessments. During the Cold War, in contrast to the Soviet-Russian model, Alexander Gerschenkron’s depiction with the advantages of backwardness became influential. After the 1990s and in line with the Varieties of Capitalism approach, the discussion led by Ross Levine resulted in a consensus where different financial systems were embedded in their broader institutional context. The current discussion attempts to prove the superiority of capital markets, pointing to the American system as example.

Disintermediation? Herkunft und Zukunft des bank-basierten Finanzsystems (2024)

Greitens, Jan

The question of the optimal design of financial systems, whether more bank-based or more market-based, has a long history. Four phases of the discussion can be distinguished: Before World War I, in the rivalry between Germany and England, the debate begins. Across the spectrum, from the liberal Adolf Weber to the Marxist Rudolf Hilferding and the eclectic Joseph Schumpeter, comparisons were made, and the heterogenous authors arrived at similar assessments. During the Cold War, in contrast to the Soviet-Russian model, Alexander Gerschenkron’s depiction with the advantages of backwardness became influential. After the 1990s and in line with the Varieties of Capitalism approach, the discussion led by Ross Levine resulted in a consensus where different financial systems were embedded in their broader institutional context. The current discussion attempts to prove the superiority of capital markets, pointing to the American system as example.

Die europäische Sustainable Finance-Regulierung und der deutsche Mittelstand (2024)

Greitens, Jan

The European Sustainable Finance regulation is primarily focused on capital markets, requiring companies to disclose extensive data. However, these regulations pose challenges for German SMEs, which rely heavily on bank financing. A survey showed that 60% of SMEs invest in sustainability, but external financing remains limited. The EU's approach may need adjustments, such as creating a voluntary sustainability reporting standard for SMEs and developing a streamlined approach for green loans.

Die europäische Sustainable Finance-Regulierung und der deutsche Mittelstand (2024)

Greitens, Jan

The European Sustainable Finance regulation is primarily focused on capital markets, requiring companies to disclose extensive data. However, these regulations pose challenges for German SMEs, which rely heavily on bank financing. A survey showed that 60% of SMEs invest in sustainability, but external financing remains limited. The EU's approach may need adjustments, such as creating a voluntary sustainability reporting standard for SMEs and developing a streamlined approach for green loans.

Effect of Electrolyte pH in Additive-Free NiFe Catalyst Electrodeposition for Electro-Catalytic OER Applications (2024)

Cieluch, Maximilian ; Kazamer, Norbert ; Böhm, Leonard ; Sanden, Sebastian ; Zerebecki, Swen ; Wirkert, Florian ; Apfel, Ulf-Peter ; Brodmann, Michael

This study presents the correlation between electrolyte pH, surface morphology, chemical speciation and electro-catalytic oxygen evolution activity of additive-free electrodeposited NiFe catalysts for application in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. Spherical morphologies were identified at pH 0, shifting towards honey-combed structures at pH 4 with increasing surface area, especially at pH 3. Further, the electrolyte pH was found to influence the NiFe composition and electro-catalytic activity. Enhanced OER activity was noted at pH 2 with overpotentials of 214 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 267 mV at 100 mA cm−2. The results reveal that the electrolyte pH is a parameter not only influencing the morphology but also tailoring the surface area, Fe oxide and Fe hydroxide composition and consequently the catalytic activity. Further, the outcomes highlight the electrolyte pH as a key process parameter that should be adjusted according to the application, and may substitute the addition of electrolyte-additives, proposing a simpler method for improving catalyst electrodeposition.

Envisioning Secure and Private 6G-Enabled Cognitive Personal Informatics (2024)

Triesch, Anna ; Hörnemann, Jan ; Urban, Tobias ; Große-Kampmann, Matteo

This Paper explores how emergent technologies such as 6G and tactile Internet can potentially enhance cognitive, personal informatics (CPI) in participatory healthcare, promoting patient-centered healthcare models through high-speed, reliable communication networks. It highlights the transition to improved patient engagement and better health outcomes facilitated by these technologies, underscoring the importance of ultra-reliable, low-latency communications (URLLC) and realizing the tactile Internet’s potential in healthcare. This innovation could dramatically transform telemedicine and mobile health (mHealth) by enabling remote healthcare delivery while providing a better understanding of the inner workings of the patient. While generating many advantages, these developments have disadvantages and risks. Therefore, this study addresses the critical security and privacy concerns related to the digital transformation of healthcare. Our work focuses on the challenges of managing and understanding cognitive data within the CPI and the potential threats from analyzing such data. It proposed a comprehensive analysis of potential vulnerabilities and cyber threats, emphasizing the need for robust security frameworks designed with resilience in mind to protect sensitive cognitive data. We present scenarios for reward and punishment systems and their impacts on users. In conclusion, we outline a vision for the future of secure, resilient, and patient-centric digital healthcare systems that leverage 6G and the tactile Internet to enhance the CPI. We offer policy recommendations and strategic directions for stakeholders to create a secure, empowering environment for patients to manage their cognitive health information.

Werbung mit Preisreduzierung muss auf Basis des niedrigsten Preises der letzten 30 Tage berechnet werden (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

„Am siebten Tage sollst Du ruhen“ – und nicht shoppen! (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Authentische Führung und ihre gesundheitsbezogenen Konsequenzen für Mitarbeitende – eine Betrachtung psychischer und körperlicher Symptome (2024)

Thiem, Verena ; Externbrink, Kai

§ 12a KAG NRW (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Steckbriefe zur Energiewende (2024)

Löffler, Markus J.

In dem Bericht werden insbesondere auf Daten der Bundesnetzagentur (2022) basierende Steckbriefe sämtlicher bei der simulatorischen Behandlung der generellen Leistungsverhält-nisse in einem der geplanten Energiewende unterworfenen Energieversorgungssystem darge stellt. Die Steckbriefe umfassen die auftretenden Leistungsverläufe der Versorgung aus Photovoltaik, Windkraft, Biomasse usw. und des Verbrauchs mit Stromdirektverbrauchern, Wärmepumpen und Elektro-Fahrzeugen. Für den Verbrauch werden zwei Lastvarianten angegeben. Elektrolyseure sind in beiden Varianten nicht berücksichtigt, da sie trotz ihrer hohen Verluste dem Bereich der Wasserstoffspeicherung zugeordnet werden. Ebenso werden Wasserstoff-Kraftwerke weder dem Bereich der Erzeuger oder, aufgrund ihrer hohen Verluste, der Verbraucher zugeordnet; diese sind ebenfalls dem Bereich der Wasserstoffspeicherung zuzuordnen. Die Leistungsverläufe werden ergänzt durch „Heatmaps“, mit deren Hilfe sich die Leistungsverläufe in vorteilhafter Weise tages- und stundenweise auflösen lassen. Im Gegensatz zur normalen Darstellung der Leistungsverläufe, aus denen sich saisonale Leistungsgänge und Leistungswerte sehr gut ablesen lassen, lassen sich aus diesen Heatmaps auch Tagesgänge aufgrund menschlicher Verhaltensweisen ermitteln. Statistiken zur Verteilung der Leistungswerte und Tabellen mit den wichtigsten Eckwerten der entsprechenden EE-Erzeuger und Verbraucher vervollständigen die Steckbriefe. In Einzelfällen werden noch Zusatzerläuterungen gegeben, ohne die sich die entsprechenden Steckbriefe unvollständig wären. Insgesamt ergibt sich, dass der Stromverbrauch ab 2045 saisonal enorm ausgeprägte Maxima und Minima aufweist, die erheblich von den Maxima und Minima des heutigen Stromverbrauchs abweichen. Dies ist das Resultat des Stromverbrauchs aus Wärmepumpen und Elektro-Fahr-zeugen. Die Verbrauchsmaxima können dabei Werte von etwa 170 GW erreichen, was im Gegensatz zu heutigen Maxima von weniger als 90 GW als bemerkenswert bezeichnet werden muss. In jedem Fall wird ein steuerbarer Backup-Kraftwerkspark benötigt, dessen kontinuierliche Verfügbarkeit während eines Tages größer wie 2 Stunden sein muss. Er muss gezielt zur Morgenzeit, typischerweise zwischen 05:00 und 07:00, mit Leistungshüben von 20 GW/h eingeschaltet und abends, typischerweise zwischen 18:00 und 20:00, mit Lastabwürfen von über 22 GW/h gezielt wieder abgeschaltet werden können. Grund hierfür ist der Wechsel menschlicher Tagesaktivität auf Nachtpassivität und umgekehrt, was sich im täglichen Strombedarf widerspiegelt.

Energiewende und Versorgungssicherheit 2045 (2024)

Löffler, Markus J.

Deutschlands Stromversorgung soll im Jahr 2045 gemäß aktueller Planung (z.B. EEG 2023) aus-schließlich mit Hilfe sog. erneuerbarer Energien geschehen. Hierzu gehören Wind- und Solar-kraft und in erheblichst geringerem Maße Biomasse- und Laufwasserkraft. Bekannt ist, dass die Energiezufuhr aus diesen Energiequellen überwiegend volatil und daher inkompatibel mit dem Strombedarf der Verbraucher ist. Ohne weitere Maßnahmen käme es ständig zu Über- oder Unterversorgungssituationen mit der Folge dauerhafter Blackouts. Während eine Überversorgung im einfachsten Fall mit dem rechtzeitigen, wenn auch unwirtschaftlichen Abschalten der entsprechenden Energieversorger sehr gut beherrschbar ist – andere Maßnahmen sind die Speicherung der überschüssigen Energie oder deren Export, sofern es das Ausland zulässt –, ist die Darstellung der Versorgungssicherheit im Falle einer Unterversorgung, also die Vermeidung ewiger Blackouts, nur mit Hilfe zusätzlicher aktiv steuerbarer Energiequellen darstellbar. In Frage kommen hierfür nach heutiger Diskussionslage Gas- bzw. H2-Kraftwerke, virtuelle und reale Batterie-Kraftwerke, sowie Pumpspeicher-Kraftwerke und Stromimporte. Für den Import muss das Ausland für Deutschland regelbare Kraftwerke vorhalten, die stets dann mit erster Priorität bereitstehen müssen, wenn Deutschland in eine Unterversorgungslage gerät. Diese Möglichkeit erscheint dem Berichter eher spekulativ als gesichert. Die Verwendung deutscher Kernkraftwerke wird heutzutage aus politischen Gründen negiert, während gleichzeitig und widersinnigerweise der Import ausländischen Kernkraftstroms billigend in Kauf genommen wird.

Dynamische Strompreistarife und deren Wirkung auf den Stromverbrauch (2024)

Löffler, Markus J.

Anlass der Studie ist das im Juli 2024 vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz BMWK herausgegebene „Strommarktdesign der Zukunft : Optionen für ein sicheres, bezahlbares und nachhaltiges Stromsystem“ [BMWK 2024]. Das Strommarktdesign solle einen Paradigmenwechsel im Strommarkt herbeiführen. Eingeführt werden soll ein Kapazitätsmarkt, eine Art systemische Grundgebühr, zur Finanzierung unwirtschaftlicher Investitionen in künftig nur wenig auslastbare Kraftwerke. Zudem sollen die Stromverbraucher als Regelkomponente in einer zukünftig volatilen Stromversorgung eingesetzt werden. Die Motivation hierzu soll mit Hilfe dynamischer Stromtarife gelingen. Vorliegende Studie befasst sich insbesondere mit der potentiellen Wirkung dynamischer Strom-preise auf den Stromverbrauch. Hierzu wird das Einsparpotenzial bei Nutzung dieser Stromtarife untersucht. Empirische Befunde aus Deutschland und Schweden unterfüttern und erweitern diese Untersuchung mit Blick auf die erhoffte Beeinflussbarkeit des künftigen, den politischen Energiewende-Planungen unterworfenen Stromversorgungssystems. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse werden wie folgt interpretiert: • In „Smart-Grids“ können dynamische Stromtarife das Verbraucherverhalten bei einem Einsparpotential von 10 bis 15% begrenzt beeinflussen. • Der Einfluss beschränkt sich auf lokale Stromversorgungsnetze. • Der Stromverbrauch wird in dem Sinne vergleichmäßigt, dass tageweise auftretende Lastspitzen und Lasttäler sich durch Lastverschiebungen ausgeglichener darstellen. Die Differenz der beiden Tagesextremwerte könnte um bis zu 20% sinken. • Der jährliche Stromverbrauch wird hierdurch nicht wahrnehmbar beeinflusst. Der qualitative Verlauf des Lastgangs ebenso wenig. • Die Vergleichmäßigung ist in dem Sinne netzdienlich, dass nur unzureichend ausgebaute Ortsnetze durch die künftige zunehmende Beanspruchung durch Elektromobilität und Wärmepumpen nicht überbeansprucht werden bzw. dass deren sowieso notwendiger Ausbau in etwas reduzierter Weise ausgeführt werden kann. • Die grundlegenden Probleme bzw. Herausforderungen des geplant volatilen Gesamtstromversorgungssystems lassen sich durch Einsatz der Stromverbraucher als system-dienliches Regelglied nicht lösen. Dazu ist ihre Wirkung im Vergleich zur über das Jahr gemittelten Last zu gering. Der gewünschte Ausgleich sollte besser mit Hilfe geeigneter Speicher statt mit humanen Ressourcen als Regelglied gelöst werden. Prinzipiell kann die geplante Flexibilisierung des Strommarktes als eine gut vermittelbare und von den Stromkunden nur schlecht zu erkennende Form der Energierationierung durch Preismechanismen gesehen werden. Energierationierungen signalisieren oft strukturelle Probleme im Energiesektor eines Landes. Die Frage, ob der vom BMWK vorgeschlagene Paradigmenwechsel bereits in diese Richtung zielt, darf zusammen mit den derzeit immer offener und häufiger zutage tretenden, bisher noch verkraftbaren Dysfunktionalitäten der derzeitigen Stromversorgung durchaus in Betracht gezogen werden.

Ereignisbasierte Systemüberwachung von Windows-PCs (2023)

Schmitz, Alexander

Diese Arbeit bietet einen Überblick über das Thema der ereignisbasierten Systemüberwachung von Windows-PCs. Die frühe Erkennung von Angriffen und der Ausführung von Schadsoftware auf Windows-Clients bedingt Sensor-Technologien, die Systemereignisse erkennen und protokollieren. Anhand bestimmter Ereignisse oder komplexerer Ereignismuster können illegitime Vorgänge auf Computersystemen erkannt werden. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt darauf einen detaillierten Überblick über diese ereignisbasierte Sensorik für Windows-Endpunkte zu geben, die Systemereignisse erkennt und Ereignis-Objekte mit beschreibenden Attributen liefert. Im Gegensatz dazu wird die Interpretation der bereitgestellten Ereignisdaten und der Musterabgleich in dieser Arbeit nicht behandelt. Zu Beginn werden dafür die elementaren Aspekte und Begriffe einer solchen Sensor-Technologie allgemein erklärt. Dabei werden einige charakterisierende Grundeigenschaften erläutert, anhand derer solche Senor-Verfahren eingeordnet werden können. Zudem wird auf Basis durchgeführter Messungen eine Abschätzung bezüglich der Auftrittsfrequenzen verschiedener Systemereignisse geliefert. Im Hauptteil werden die zwei ereignisbasierten Monitoring-Systeme Event-Tracing-for-Windows (ETW) und Sysmon vorgestellt. Die Funktionalität, Architektur und interne Funktionsweise der beiden Systeme wird detailliert erläutert. Zudem werden ihre charakterisierenden Basiseigenschaften herausgearbeitet, um Stärken und Schwächen zu erkennen. Der ETW-basierte Sensor und SIGMA-Regelscanner Nextron Aurora, der Sysmon-ähnliche Ereignisdaten bereitstellt, wird ebenfalls behandelt.

Gesamtwirtschaftliche Finanzierungsproblematik der Energiewende (2024)

Marquardt, Ralf-Michael

Finanzierungsmodelle für Transformationsprojekte der Energiewende

Die wichtigsten EuGH-Entscheidungen zum Arbeitsrecht im Jahr 2023 (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Kommunale Verpackungssteuern doch verfassungsgemäß!? (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Keine Festsetzung von kommunalen Abgaben zum Vorteilsausgleich bis zum Sankt-Nimmerleins-Tag (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Keine Entschädigung für coronabedingte Einnahmeausfälle eines Berufsmusikers während des ersten Lockdowns (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Haftung des Bundeslandes für Amtspflichtverletzung eines Börsenorgans (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

EuGH: Haftung des Luftfahrtunternehmens für Falschinformationen des Reiseveranstalters (EuGH, Landesgericht Korneuburg 17.10.2024 - Rs. C-650/23 und C-705/23) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

EuGH: Stempelsteuerbefreiung nur bei Gebietsansässigkeit ist unionsrechtswidrig (EuGH, Oberstes Verwaltungsgericht, Portugal 20.06.2024 - C-420/23) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Ausgleichszahlung nach FluggastrechteVO bei vorweggenommener Beförderungsverweigerung auch ohne rechtzeitiges Einfinden zur Abfertigung (EuGH 26.10.2023 - C-238/22) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Gesamtpreis im Sinne der PAngV enthält nicht den beim Kauf von Waren in Pfandbehältern zu entrichtenden Pfandbetrag (BGH 26.10.2023 - I ZR 135/20) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Bilder von Zigarettenpackung auf Automaten müssen Warnhinweise enthalten (BGH 26.10.2023 - I ZR 176/19) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

EuGH: Konstruktionsfehler als „außergewöhnlicher Umstand“ (Art. 5 III VO Nr. 261/2004) (EuGH, Regionalgericht Warschau 13.06.2024 - C-411/23) – II (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

EuGH: Konstruktionsfehler als „außergewöhnlicher Umstand“ (Art. 5 III VO Nr. 261/2004) (EuGH, Oberstes Gericht, Finnland 13.06.2024 - C-385/23) – I (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Kumulative Anwendung des Gesellschaftsrechts zweier Mitgliedstaaten verstößt gegen Niederlassungsfreiheit (EuGH 25.04.2024 - C-276/22) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

„Schriftliches Einverständnis“ eines Fluggasts kann bei umfangreicher Information auch in elektronischer Form erfolgen (EuGH 21.03.2024 - C-76/23) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Bemessung der Beiträge zur Finanzierung der unabhängigen Aufsichtsbehörde (EuGH 25.04.2024 - C-204/23) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Kein Ausgleichsanspruch bei Ersatzflug mit unter drei Stunden späterer Ankunftszeit (EuGH 25.01.2024 - C-54/23) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Wohnsitzpflicht für Erwerb landwirtschaftlicher Flächen verstößt gegen EU-Recht (EuGH 18.01.2024 - C-563/22) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Ausgleichszahlung wegen „großer“ Flugverspätung nur bei rechtzeitigem Check-in (EuGH 25.1.2024 - C-474/22) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Begrenzung der Steuervergünstigung für zu Wohnzwecken vermietete Grundstücke auf im Inland oder im EU-/EWR-Ausland belegene ist unionsrechtswidrig (EuGH 12.10.2023 - C-670/21) (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

Verwaltungsprozessrecht (2024)

Wienbracke, Mike

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