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This article analyses the early years of the history of the Bundesbank from a history of economic thought perspective. The study uses the example of Bernhard Benning, who headed the Economics Department of the Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft, one of the major banks owned by the German Reich during the National Socialist era. After the war Benning was appointed a member of the board of directors of the Deutsche Bundesbank for twenty-two years. As a student of Adolf Weber and his Munich school of economics, Benning's views were shaped by classical liberal rather than ordoliberal ideas. His legitimacy in postwar Germany stemmed from his public opposition to war financing and warnings about inflation during the Donner-Benning Debate of 1942–43. In this tradition, the early Bundesbank was Weberian rather than ordoliberal, so, for instance, fixed exchange rates were favored, and a strong business and investment perspective was adopted.
Experiencing relational devaluation at work through social stressors has been linked to various detrimental outcomes. In the current study, we investigate the role of hardiness and mindfulness as personal resources which help employees to effectively cope with such stressors and thereby prevent burnout.
We focus on trait mindfulness as the innate capacity of paying and maintaining attention to present-moment experiences with an open and nonjudgmental attitude. It has been shown to promote concentration and well-being and to facilitate decision making; it is often seen as an important resource for overcoming challenges in everyday work life.
Hardiness also constitutes a personality profile of dispositional resilience that describes how people deal with stressful events and includes the core aspects of challenge (conviction that challenges offer opportunities), engagement (actively tackling tasks and challenges) and a sense of control (conviction of influence over one's own life circumstances). People with high hardiness show better health and higher job satisfaction and performance.
We build our hypothesis according to the extended version of the Job Demands–Resources model, which states that personal resources protect employees from burnout, because they shape employees’ perceptions of and reactions towards their work environment. In a similar vein, stress theory suggests that personal resources mitigate burnout through lower stress appraisals, greater use of adaptive coping, and flexibility in matching coping to appraisals.
We measured social stressors at work with the scale developed by Frese et al and further asked participants to work on the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale and the short version of the Revised Norwegian Dispositional Resilience (Hardiness) Scale. Our cross-sectional study was based on a sample of N = 174 employees from a broad range of organizations and job types.
Statistical Analyses revealed significant negative correlations of both personal resources with reported symptoms of burnout and the perception of social stressors as well. However, in line with prior research, they indeed did not attenuate the relationship between social stressors and emotional exhaustion at work. Theoretical and practical implications as well as limitations and avenues for future research are discussed.
Naming chemical compounds systematically is a complex task governed by a set of rules established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). These rules are universal and widely accepted by chemists worldwide, but their complexity makes it challenging for individuals to consistently apply them accurately. A translation method can be employed to address this challenge. Accurate translation of chemical compounds from SMILES notation into their corresponding IUPAC names is crucial, as it can significantly streamline the laborious process of naming chemical structures. Here, we present STOUT (SMILES-TO-IUPAC-name translator) V2, which addresses this challenge by introducing a transformer-based model that translates string representations of chemical structures into IUPAC names. Trained on a dataset of nearly 1 billion SMILES strings and their corresponding IUPAC names, STOUT V2 demonstrates exceptional accuracy in generating IUPAC names, even for complex chemical structures. The model’s ability to capture intricate patterns and relationships within chemical structures enables it to generate precise and standardised IUPAC names. While established deterministic algorithms remain the gold standard for systematic chemical naming, our work, enabled by access to OpenEye’s Lexichem software through an academic license, demonstrates the potential of neural approaches to complement existing tools in chemical nomenclature.
The precision of yield calculation of modern design and simulation software for photovoltaic systems strongly rely, beside the accuracy of the specified module and inverter data, on the quality of the weather data. Since data from weather stations is not available for most locations world-wide this data is calculated by using modern interpolation methods. Beside this, simulation software typically uses historical weather data. In this work the mismatch of yield simulation results based on proprietary data, meaning interpolated or also called synthetical data, and data coming from a weather station in proximity to the installation is evaluated. The simulated data sets are compared to measurement data as obtained by the inverter output and hence give a profound understanding how interpolated data may influence the simulation results. The outcome shows that the quality of the yield simulation, if compared to the measurement data, is increased by a factor of up to four if on-site weather data is used as input for the simulation. The largest source of deviation is irradiation, which varies up to 10% if synthetical and measured irradiation on-site is compared. The second largest sources for simulation mismatches are power calculation and module temperature correction.
Einsatz hardwaregestützter Virtualisierungstechnologien in der Malwareanalyse und Angriffserkennung
(2021)
Diese Arbeit ist das Ergebnis einer Recherche in den technischen Themengebieten hardwaregestützten Systemvirtualisierung, Virtual-Machine-Introspection (VMI) und VM-Erkennungsmechanismen sowie deren Abwehr. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf dem Einsatz dieser Technologien in der Malwareanalyse oder der Angriffserkennung im Kontext einer EDR-Sensorik. Es werden die grundlegenden Konzepte und Begriffe Systemvirtualisierung eingeführt, erklärt und zu verwandten Gebieten abgegrenzt. Der Weg über die Erweiterung bestehender Schutz-Konzepte moderner CPUs und Betriebssysteme wird beschrieben hin zu Befehlssatzerweiterungen, welche die Hypervisor-Software bei der Bildung der Abstraktionsebenen unterstützen. Dabei wird die Verwendung der Virtualisierungserweiterungen VT-x und AMD-V für die IA32/AMD64-ISA erklärt einschließlich verschiedener Methoden zur Virtualisierung des Paging-Systems. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf dem „Second Level Address Translation“-Konzept (SLAT). Neben der Betrachtung der PC-Prozessoren wird auch die Virtualisierungsfunktionalitäten der ARMv8-Architektur erläutert und deren Verwendung beispielhaft beschrieben. Im Kontext der Malwareanalyse und Angriffserkennung ist es besonders relevant, dass Virtualisierungs- und Analyseumgebungen nicht erkannt werden können. Es werden verschiedene Erkennungsansätze und Verfahren diese abzuwehren beschrieben. Um Malware unbemerkt analysieren zu können bietet sich die Analyse über den Hypervisor mittels Virtual-Machine-Introspection (VMI) an. Diese wird erklärt, deren Schwierigkeiten bezüglich des Semantic-Gaps benannt und Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, diesen Problemen zu begegnen. Zudem werden einige wichtige VMI-Bibliotheken und Verfahren beschrieben. Abschließend werden noch zwei recht unterschiedliche Beispiellösungen kurz betrachtet. Diese sind Drakvuf als Beispiel für eine Malwareanalyse-Sandbox auf Basis von VMI und SimpleVisor, ein minimaler Modell-Hypervisor, der das Hyperjacking-Prinzip verwendet.
Introduction: Drawing tasks are an elementary component of psychological assessment in the evaluation of mental health. With the rise of digitalization not only in psychology but healthcare in general, digital drawing tools (dDTs) have also been developed for this purpose. This scoping review aims at summarizing the state of the art of dDTs available to assess mental health conditions in people above preschool age. Methods: PubMed, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, CINAHL, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection were searched for dDTs from 2000 onwards. The focus was on dDTs, which not only evaluate the final drawing, but also process data. Results: After applying the search and selection strategy, a total of 37 articles, comprising unique dDTs, remained for data extraction. Around 75 % of these articles were published after 2014 and most of them target adults (86.5 %). In addition, dDTs were mainly used in two areas: tremor detection and assessment of cognitive states, utilizing, for example, the Spiral Drawing Test and the Clock Drawing Test. Conclusion: Early detection of mental diseases is an increasingly important field in healthcare. Through the integration of digital and art based solutions, this area could expand into an interdisciplinary science. This review shows that the first steps in this direction have already been taken and that the possibilities for further research, e.g., on the optimized application of dDTs, are still open.
When organizing intercultural and interdisciplinary Project-Based Learning (PBL) activities across Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), the organizational and resource implications, along with the associated financial challenges, soon become crucial. Even promising approaches may not take off as a simple ‘return on investment’ view and funding decision may not fully address their various impacts on students, staff, institutions and society.
This paper explores the experiences within a distributed interdisciplinary project-based learning program run from 2020 to 2023 and involving more than 150 students from four continents learning 21st century skills by collaborating over one semester to address real-world problems faced by clients in partner countries. While the primary goal of this distributed interdisciplinary and intercultural project-based learning program was to offer students a truly Global Intercultural Project Experience (GIPE), this paper explores its broader impact. We found that the program significantly influenced both the academic and administrative staff at all partner universities. Furthermore, we examine the program's effect on the participating institutions themselves over the four-year period. Our conclusion is that the invaluable benefits of such interdisciplinary project-based learning extend well beyond financial metrics. They include enhanced student learning experiences, strengthened cooperation and mutual learning between academics and administrative staff, improved institutional reputation, and positive societal impact.
Thus, we worked hard to convince both our university management and the world's largest funding organisation for the international exchange of students and researchers to grant financial support for another 3-year period in 2025 to 2027 during which the GIPE concept will be further developed and a permanent organizational structure shall be established based on an extended network of partner institutions and sponsors around the world.
Unleashing Personalized Education Using Large Language Models in Online Collaborative Settings
(2024)
The Artificial Intelligence community has long pursued personalized education. Over the past decades, efforts have ranged from automated advisors to Intelligent Tutoring Systems, all aimed at tailoring learning experiences to students' individual needs and interests. Unfortunately, many of these endeavors remained largely theoretical or proposed solutions challenging to implement in real-world scenarios. However, we are now in the era of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Mistral, or Claude, which exhibit promising capabilities with significant potential to impact personalized education. For instance, ChatGPT 4 can assist students in using the Socratic method in their learning process. Despite the immense possibilities these technologies offer, limited significant results are showcasing the impact of LLMs in educational settings. Therefore, this paper aims to present tools and strategies based on LLMs to address personalized education within online collaborative learning settings. To do so, we propose RAGs (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) agents that could be added to online collaborative learning platforms: a) the Oracle agent, capable of answering questions related to topics and materials uploaded to the platform.; b) the Summary agent, which can summarize and present content based on students' profiles.; c) the Socratic agent, guiding students in learning topics through close interaction.; d) the Forum agent, analyzing students' forum posts to identify challenging topics and suggest ways to overcome difficulties or foster peer collaboration.; e) the Assessment agent, presenting personalized challenges based on students' needs. f) the Proactive agent, analyzing student activity and suggesting learning paths as needed. Importantly, each RAG agent can leverage historical student data to personalize the learning experience effectively. To assess the effectiveness of this personalized approach, we plan to evaluate the use of RAGs in online collaborative learning platforms compared to previous online learning courses conducted in previous years.
This paper discusses the experiences of a distributed interdisciplinary project-based learning program for students across continents. For the years 2020 until 2023, we received seed-funding for four annual projects to engage students from Germany (Europe), Namibia (Africa), Indonesia (Asia), and Peru (Latin-America) to collaborate over one semester on interdisciplinary projects contributing to the solution of some real-life client’s problems in the partner countries. During this period, more than 150 students embarked on these projects with 116 of them being selected for a scholarship for an international mobility. With the guidance and support by academics from all partner universities, the students success-fully completed each project expressing deep appreciation for the learning opportunities while over¬coming challenges of working across widespread time zones, different cultures, changing requirements, and various technical difficulties.
While the primary aim of this distributed interdisciplinary and intercultural project-based learning program was to provide students with a truly Global Intercultural Project Experience (GIPE), in this paper we investigate on its impact in a broader sense as it was observed that this program also had a significant impact on both academic and administrative staff at all partner universities. Finally, we also reveal the impact of this four-year-program on the participating institutions themselves and conclude that the invaluable returns of such interdisciplinary project-based learning extend far beyond financial metrics. It encompasses enhanced student learning experiences, strengthened cooperation and mutual learning between academics and administrative staff, as well as institutional reputation, and societal impact.
The emergence of digital technologies over the past two decades has brought about changes that threaten the very existence of german media companies. The journalistic business model is losing sales, and the decline in print circulations is making it successively difficult to earn money with journalistic products. Therefore, german media companies have been investing in business models that have no relation to journalism to generate growth for years – with success. Considering this development, it is astonishing from a purely economic perspective that media groups, which are increasingly developing into technology companies, are still clinging to the ailing journalistic business model at all. To examine their motives to do so, this study poses the following research question: "Why do media companies still invest in journalistic products today?" To answer it, the researcher conducted interviews with highlevel employees from media companies as part of a qualitative study. Analysis of the data revealed that media companies continue to invest in journalism mainly because they benefit economically from the brands their journalistic products represent. Other reasons like serving as a pillar of the democratic constitution or to help shape public discourse seem to be less important.
The question of the optimal design of financial systems, whether more bank-based or more market-based, has a long history. Four phases of the discussion can be distinguished: Before World War I, in the rivalry between Germany and England, the debate begins. Across the spectrum, from the liberal Adolf Weber to the Marxist Rudolf Hilferding and the eclectic Joseph Schumpeter, comparisons were made, and the heterogenous authors arrived at similar assessments. During the Cold War, in contrast to the Soviet-Russian model, Alexander Gerschenkron’s depiction with the advantages of backwardness became influential. After the 1990s and in line with the Varieties of Capitalism approach, the discussion led by Ross Levine resulted in a consensus where different financial systems were embedded in their broader institutional context. The current discussion attempts to prove the superiority of capital markets, pointing to the American system as example.
The question of the optimal design of financial systems, whether more bank-based or more market-based, has a long history. Four phases of the discussion can be distinguished: Before World War I, in the rivalry between Germany and England, the debate begins. Across the spectrum, from the liberal Adolf Weber to the Marxist Rudolf Hilferding and the eclectic Joseph Schumpeter, comparisons were made, and the heterogenous authors arrived at similar assessments. During the Cold War, in contrast to the Soviet-Russian model, Alexander Gerschenkron’s depiction with the advantages of backwardness became influential. After the 1990s and in line with the Varieties of Capitalism approach, the discussion led by Ross Levine resulted in a consensus where different financial systems were embedded in their broader institutional context. The current discussion attempts to prove the superiority of capital markets, pointing to the American system as example.
The European Sustainable Finance regulation is primarily focused on capital markets, requiring companies to disclose extensive data. However, these regulations pose challenges for German SMEs, which rely heavily on bank financing. A survey showed that 60% of SMEs invest in sustainability, but external financing remains limited. The EU's approach may need adjustments, such as creating a voluntary sustainability reporting standard for SMEs and developing a streamlined approach for green loans.
The European Sustainable Finance regulation is primarily focused on capital markets, requiring companies to disclose extensive data. However, these regulations pose challenges for German SMEs, which rely heavily on bank financing. A survey showed that 60% of SMEs invest in sustainability, but external financing remains limited. The EU's approach may need adjustments, such as creating a voluntary sustainability reporting standard for SMEs and developing a streamlined approach for green loans.
This study presents the correlation between electrolyte pH, surface morphology, chemical speciation and electro-catalytic oxygen evolution activity of additive-free electrodeposited NiFe catalysts for application in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. Spherical morphologies were identified at pH 0, shifting towards honey-combed structures at pH 4 with increasing surface area, especially at pH 3. Further, the electrolyte pH was found to influence the NiFe composition and electro-catalytic activity. Enhanced OER activity was noted at pH 2 with overpotentials of 214 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 267 mV at 100 mA cm−2. The results reveal that the electrolyte pH is a parameter not only influencing the morphology but also tailoring the surface area, Fe oxide and Fe hydroxide composition and consequently the catalytic activity. Further, the outcomes highlight the electrolyte pH as a key process parameter that should be adjusted according to the application, and may substitute the addition of electrolyte-additives, proposing a simpler method for improving catalyst electrodeposition.
This Paper explores how emergent technologies such as 6G and tactile Internet can potentially enhance cognitive, personal informatics (CPI) in participatory healthcare, promoting patient-centered healthcare models through high-speed, reliable communication networks. It highlights the transition to improved patient engagement and better health outcomes facilitated by these technologies, underscoring the importance of ultra-reliable, low-latency communications (URLLC) and realizing the tactile Internet’s potential in healthcare. This innovation could dramatically transform telemedicine and mobile health (mHealth) by enabling remote healthcare delivery while providing a better understanding of the inner workings of the patient. While generating many advantages, these developments have disadvantages and risks. Therefore, this study addresses the critical security and privacy concerns related to the digital transformation of healthcare. Our work focuses on the challenges of managing and understanding cognitive data within the CPI and the potential threats from analyzing such data. It proposed a comprehensive analysis of potential vulnerabilities and cyber threats, emphasizing the need for robust security frameworks designed with resilience in mind to protect sensitive cognitive data. We present scenarios for reward and punishment systems and their impacts on users. In conclusion, we outline a vision for the future of secure, resilient, and patient-centric digital healthcare systems that leverage 6G and the tactile Internet to enhance the CPI. We offer policy recommendations and strategic directions for stakeholders to create a secure, empowering environment for patients to manage their cognitive health information.