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The conventional quantitative method for the analysis of inorganic elements in polymer matrices is a complex and time consuming process that presents a significant risk for error. Typically, polymers are digested in a microwave oven or other devices under high temperature and pressure for several hours while employing different mixtures of high purity acids. In many cases, particularly when high concentrations of doped elements are present, the digestion is often incomplete and therefore the reproducibility depends strongly on the type of polymer and additives used. A promising alternative technology that allows for the direct analysis of these polymers without digestion is laser ablation ICP-MS. Due to a lack of available reference materials and the presence of matrix dependent effects, a precise calibration cannot be obtained. In order to compensate for the matrix dependent effects the use of internal standardization is necessary. In this study the correlation between the carbon released during the ablation process and the 13C signal detected by ICP-MS and its use as an internal standard are investigated. For this purpose, twenty-one virgin polymer materials are ablated; the released carbon is determined and correlated with the corresponding integrated 13C signal. The correlation resulted in a direct relationship between the ablated carbon and 13C signal demonstrating the potential ability to neglect at least some of the matrix dependent and transport effects which occur during the laser ablation of virgin polymers.
Earwig wings are highly foldable structures that lack internal muscles. The behaviour and shape changes of the wings during flight are yet unknown. We assume that they meet a great structural challenge to control the occurring deformations and prevent the wing from collapsing. At the folding structures especially, the wing could easily yield to the pressure. Detailed microscopy studies reveal adaptions in the structure and material which are not relevant for folding purposes. The wing is parted into two structurally different areas with, for example, a different trend or stiffness of the wing veins. The storage of stiff or more flexible material shows critical areas which undergo great changes or stress during flight. We verified this with high-speed video recordings. These reveal the extent of the occurring deformations and their locations, and support our assumptions. The video recordings reveal a dynamical change of a concave flexion line. In the static unfolded state, this flexion line blocks a folding line, so that the wing stays unfolded. However, during flight it extends and blocks a second critical folding line and prevents the wing from collapsing. With these results, more insight in passive wing control, especially within high foldable structures, is gained.
Metallic implants in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are a potential safety risk since the energy absorption may increase temperature of the surrounding tissue. The temperature rise is highly dependent on implant size. Numerical examinations can be used to calculate the energy absorption in terms of the specific absorption rate (SAR) induced by MRI on orthopaedic implants. This research presents the impact of titanium osteosynthesis spine implants, called spondylodesis, deduced by numerical examinations of energy absorption in simplified spondylodesis models placed in 1.5 T and 3.0 T MRI body coils. The implants are modelled along with a spine model consisting of vertebrae and disci intervertebrales thus extending previous investigations [1, 2]. Increased SARvalues are observed at the ends of long implants, while at the center SAR is significantly lower. Sufficiently short implants show increased SAR along the complete length of the implant. A careful data analysis reveals that the particular anatomy, i.e. vertebrae and disci intervertebrales, has a significant effect on SAR. On top of SAR profile due to the implant length, considerable SAR variations at small scale are observed, e.g. SAR values at vertebra are higher than at disc positions.
In der Diskussion um Strategien zum Abbau der Arbeitslosigkeit ist der Dienstleistungssektor zum Hoffnungsträger geworden. Viele sehen das Dienstleistungsgewerbe schon als Motor des wirtschaftlichen Wachstums in der Bundesrepublik an. Allerdings übersieht diese These wechselseitige Abhängigkeiten zwischen sekundärem und tertiärem Sektor. Die empirische Analyse für den Regierungsbezirk Münster verdeutlicht, daß die Vorleistungsbeziehungen zwischen beiden Sektoren eine bedeutende Rolle spielen. Insofern hängen die Beschäftigungserfolge im Dienstleistungssektor auch von der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der regionalen Industrie ab. Eine Förderung der Dienstleistungsbereiche ohne entsprechende Pflege der industriellen Basis erweist sich daher als fragwürdige Strategie.
Der Aufsatz untersucht die Frage des Vorrangverhältnisses zwischen Europäischem und nationalem Recht sowie daraus folgend der Kontrolle der Kompetenzausübung der Union durch nationale Gerichte anhand der unterschiedlichen Auffassungen des BVerfG und des EuGH und diskutiert den Lösungsansatz durch ein Kompetenzgericht
Analysis of future development opportunities for OIS (Office Information Systems) methods and tools.
(1992)
An der Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen wurde zum Wintersemester 1993/94 der Lehrbetrieb im neuen Studiengang Ingenieurinformatik, insbesondere Mikroinformatik aufgenommen. So wie es bei vielen anderen Wissenschaften einen Zweig gibt, der sich mit den kleinsten Forschungsobjekten befasst, so hat auch die Informatik spezielle Aufgabenstellungen, die sich mit den heute weit verbreiteten mikrominiaturisierten Systemen befassen. Die Mikroinformatik erstreckt sich von der Technischen Informatik über die Praktische Informatik bis hin zur Angewandten Informatik, jedoch gefiltert auf mikrominiaturisierte Systeme und Komponenten. Sie macht es sich somit zur Aufgabe, Problemlösungen durch die Entwicklung von Mikrocomputern und anderen Mikrosystemen sowie spezieller Algorithmen (Programme) zu finden. Diese Beschreibung lässt sich mit einigen Einschränkungen auf die folgende Kurzform bringen: Problemlösungen mittels Mikrocomputern in Technik und Organisation.
Zur Wirtschaftlichkeit aktueller Technik-gestützter Geschäftsprozesse - Ein Branchenvergleich
(1995)
Bestimmung der Festigkeit von pastösen Abfällen. Plädoyer für eine Novellierung der TA Abfall
(1996)
Integration von Bildverarbeitungs- und CAD/CAM-Modulen für die Adaption von Hüftendoprothesen
(1996)
Stereotactic frame systems are widely used in neurosurgery. The accuracy of frame devices is considered as a gold standard to which the accuracy of new frameless stereotactic navigation systems is compared. The purpose of this study is to develop a general approach for the prediction of the application accuracy of stereotactic systems. The approach will be applied to the frame‐based biopsy performed with three frame devices: Leksell G, Cosman–Roberts–Wells (CRW), and Brown–Roberts–Wells (BRW). A work‐flow analysis will be carried out demonstrating that the accuracy relevant for a clinical application comprises several error sources including imaging, target and entry point selection, image to frame coordinates registration, and the setting of mechanical parameters of the frame. These error sources will be postulated to obey a Gaussian distribution probability density. The linear, i.e., Gaussian, error propagation, will be used to link all error contributions thus to calculate the cumulative accuracy of the frame used in the application. Although the Gaussian approach is an approximation, it allows for an analytical treatment of the accuracy. Both the accuracy at the target point and the accuracy of the probe needle guidance along the planned trajectory have been investigated. Of great significance is the relationship found between accuracy, pixel dimension, and image slice thickness, the latter being the dominant factor for slices of more than 1.5 mm thickness, yielding inaccuracies larger than 1.5 mm. For target points the predictions for the application accuracy have been compared to the results of measurements, showing good agreement with the experimental data.
A qualitative work‐flow analysis of a neurosurgical procedure indicates that the resolution of the image used to plan the intervention is the major source of inaccuracy. Quantitative experimental measurements confirm this observation. They fail, however, to explain the relationship between the accuracy of the frame components involved in a stereotactic procedure and the overall application accuracy. This investigation shows that the novel Gaussian approach is a flexible framework for the calculation of the application accuracy of frame systems. Therefore, the Gaussian approach provides a detailed understanding of the interplay between the various factors affecting accuracy. The basic ideas and limitations of the Gaussian approach are briefly explained. The effect of fiducial marker distribution and registration is investigated and shown to introduce a spatial dependence to the accuracy. The results of the Gaussian approach are compared with experimental data for three stereotactic frame devices: Leksell G, Cosman–Roberts–Wells, and Brown–Roberts–Wells. Although the Gaussian approach is an approximation, it reproduces the accuracy measured in the experiment within the statistical error of that experiment. Comp Aid Surg 4:77–86 (1999). © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rente und Renditen
(2000)
Target Return Pricing
(2001)
Diversity Management
(2001)
Mentoring
(2001)
Three-dimensional magnetic resonance medical images may contain scanner- and patient-induced geometric distortion. For qualitative diagnosis, geometric errors of a few millimeters are often tolerated. However, quantitative applications such as image-guided neurosurgery and radiotherapy can require an accuracy of a millimeter or better. We have developed a method to accurately measure scanner-induced geometric distortion and to correct the MR images for this type of distortion. The method involves a number of steps. First, a specially designed phantom is scanned that contains a large number of reference structures on positions with a manufacturing error of less than 0.05 mm. Next, the positions of the reference structures are automatically detected in the scanned images and a higher-order polynomial distortion-correction transformation is estimated. Then the patient is scanned and the transformation is applied to correct the patient images for the detected distortion. The distortion-correction method is explained in detail in this paper. The accuracy of the method has been measured with synthetically generated phantom scans that contain an exactly-known amount and type of distortion. The reproducibility of the method has been measured by applying it to a series of consecutive phantom scans. Validation results are briefly described in this paper, a more-detailed description is given in another submission to SPIE Medical Imaging 2001.