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Aufgrund der zunehmenden IT-Technisierung und damit einhergehend stetigen Veränderung der Lebensbedingungen ist es notwendig, dass Menschen den IT-Lösungen und Unternehmen weiterhin und kontinuierlich vertrauen können. Denn durch den höheren Grad der IT-Technisierung steigt die Komplexität, wodurch es für den Nutzer zunehmend schwieriger wird, einzelne IT-Lösungen und deren Hintergründe zu verstehen sowie zu bewerten. Diese Veränderung hat Auswirkungen: Zum einen macht sie grundsätzlich den Nutzern – den Menschen – Angst, da gewohnte Vorgänge beständig ihre Gültigkeit verlieren. Zum anderen entsteht dadurch sowie durch die Komplexität latent das Gefühl, eine falsche Entscheidung zu treffen, weil nicht alles bedacht werden kann. So fällt dem Aspekt der Interdependenz von Vertrauen und Vertrauenswürdigkeit für deutsche und europäische Unternehmen eine hohe Bedeutung zu, insbesondere auch da sich internationale Tech-Unternehmen zunehmend weniger vertrauenswürdig im komplexen Cyber-Raum verhalten. Dies eröffnet die Möglichkeit, sich über den Aufbau von Vertrauen weltweit gegen internationale Unternehmen nachhaltig zu profilieren und positionieren. Um dieses Ziel zu realisieren, bedarf es einer strategischen Vorgehensweise – zum Beispiel auf Basis des Vertrauenswürdigkeitsmodells.
Damit die medizinische Versorgung weiterhin flächendeckend gewährleistet werden kann und den explodierenden Kosten Einhalt geboten wird, muss ein Gesundheitswesen der Zukunft auf digitalen Technologien basieren. Die Kritikalität der entsprechenden Health-Services ruft Cyber-Sicherheit auf den Plan – die Sensibilität der im Gesundheitswesen verarbeiteten Daten den Datenschutz. Ein zukunftsfähiges Gesundheitswesen braucht einen stringenten Rechtsrahmen, eine moderne cloudbasierte Telematikinfrastruktur, die je nach Sicherheitsbedarf in verschiedenen Modellen umgesetzt werden kann, einen restriktiven Umgang mit globalen Public-Cloud-Providern, eine besonders gesicherte, leistungsstarke Forschungsdateninfrastruktur – etwa zur Optimierung von KI-Fähigkeiten, sichere Gesundheitsanwendungen und einiges mehr. Hier ein Ausblick.
Die ehemals vom Grundsatz her separierten Welten der Information Technology (IT) und Operational Technology (OT) wachsen im Zuge der Digitalisierung vermehrt zusammen. Doch was ist dabei aus Sicht der IT/IT-Sicherheit zu berücksichtigen und wem kann oder muss die letztendliche Verantwortung für eine durchgängige IT-Sicherheit des Unternehmens obliegen?
Eine nicht ganz leicht zu klärende Aufgabenstellung – insbesondere mit Blick auf den Aspekt, dass die Schutzziele der beiden Unternehmensbereiche nicht einheitlich sind.
Keine Landesgesetzgebungskompetenz für ausnahmsloses Verbot von Windenergieanlagen in Waldgebieten
(2022)
Biomimetics is the interdisciplinary co-operation of various scientific disciplines and fields of innovation, and it aims to solve practical problems using biological models. Biomimetic research and its fields of application are manifold, and the community is made up of a wide range of disciplines, from biologists and engineers to designers. Guidelines and standards can build a common ground for understanding of the field, communication across disciplines, present and future projects and implementation of biomimetic knowledge. Since 2015, three international standards have been published and defined terms and definitions, as well as specific applications. The scientific literature and patents in several databases were searched for citations of the published standards. Standards or technical guidelines on biomimetics are represented both in the scientific literature and in patents. However, taking into account the increasing number of publications in biomimetics, the number of publications (52) citing the international standards is low. This shows that the perception of technical rules is still underrepresented in the academic field. Greater awareness and acceptance of the importance of standards for quality assurance even in the academic environment is discussed, and active participation in the corresponding International Organization for Standardization committee on biomimetics is asked for.
The diffusion of hydrogen adsorbed inside layered MoS2 crystals has been studied by means of quasi- elastic neutron scattering, neutron spin-echo spectroscopy, nuclear reaction analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The neutron time-of-flight and neutron spin-echo measurements demonstrate fast diffusion of hydrogen molecules parallel to the basal planes of the two dimensional crystal planes. At room temperature and above, this intra-layer diffusion is of a similar speed to the surface diffusion that has been observed in earlier studies for hydrogen atoms on Pt surfaces. A significantly slower hydrogen diffusion was observed perpendicular to the basal planes using nuclear reaction analysis.
As vaccination campaigns are in progress in most countries, hopes to win back more normality are rising. However, the exact path from a pandemic to an endemic virus remains uncertain. While in the pre-vaccination phase many critical indoor situations were avoided by strict control measures, for the transition phase a certain mitigation of the effect of indoor situations seems advisable.
To better understand the mechanisms of indoor airborne transmissions, we present a new time-discrete model to calculate the level of exposure towards infectious SARS-CoV-2 aerosol and carry out a sensitivity analysis for the level of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol exposure in indoor settings. Time limitations and the use of any kind of masks were found to be strong mitigation measures, while how far the effort for a strict use of professional face pieces instead of simple masks can be justified by the additional reduction of the exposure dose remains unclear. Very good ventilation of indoor spaces is mandatory. The definition of sufficient ventilation in regard to airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission follows other rules than the standards in ventilation design. This means that especially smaller rooms most likely require a significantly greater fresh air supply than usual. Further research on 50% group models in schools is suggested. The benefits of a model in which the students come to school every day, but for a limited time, should be investigated. In terms of window ventilation, it has been found that many short opening periods are not only thermally beneficial, they also reduce the exposure dose. The fresh air supply is driven by the temperature gradient and wind speed. However, the sensitivity towards these parameters is not very high and in times of low wind and temperature gradients, there are no arguments against keep windows open in order to make up for the reduced air flow rate. Long total opening periods and large window surfaces will strongly reduce the exposure. Additionally, the results underline the expectable fact that exposure doses will increase when hygiene and control measures are reduced. It seems advisable to investigate what this means for the infection rate and the fatality of infections in populations with partial immunity. Very basic considerations suggest that the value of aerosol reduction measures may be reduced with very infectious variants such as delta.
Das neuartige Coronavirus SARS-COV-2 wird insbesondere in Innenräumen übertragen. Dabei spielen Aerosole, also kleinste Schwebeteilchen, eine wichtige Rolle. Der längere Aufenthalt in Räumen begünstigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Übertragung auch über eine Distanz von mehr als 1,5 m.
Eine Möglichkeit, um die Schwebeteilchen aus der Raumluft zu entfernen sind Raumluftreiniger. Diese gibt es in verschiedenen Ausführungen und Funktionsprinzipien. Das vorliegende Dokument soll dabei helfen den richtigen Gerätetyp für die jeweilige Anwendung zu finden. Dabei geht es zum einen um große Räume hoher Belegungsdichte (z. B. Schulklassen), zum anderen um Restaurants und Freizeitstätten im öffentlichen Raum. Zu guter Letzt kann der Einsatz dieser Geräte auch im privaten Umfeld sinnvoll sein.
Für alle Geräte gilt: Sie unterstützen die Vermeidung von hohen Virenkonzentrationen im Raum. Das ist jedoch kein Ersatz zum regelmäßigen Lüften und der Zufuhr von „frischer Luft“ und damit mehr Sauerstoff für den Raum.
Description and Analysis of Glycosidic Residues in the Largest Open Natural Products Database
(2021)
Zum Begriff der Sonderabgabe
(2021)
This introduction to a special issue about concepts and facets of entrepreneurial diversity serves as a starting point for further discussion and research in this field. For this purpose, we provide information about the roots of the study of diversity and current trends in entrepreneurship research and present a frame for (researching) entrepreneurial diversity. Additionally, we briefly summarize the three papers selected for inclusion in this special issue. Together, they offer insights into the intersections of different diversity dimensions, personality as a deep dimension of team composition, and a general critical reflection on the conceptualization of entrepreneurial diversity. Taken together, the papers in this special issue present new findings and contribute to further advancing the long overdue research on and discussion about diversity in the field of entrepreneurship.
Cardiac and liver computed tomography (CT) perfusion has not been routinely implemented in the clinic and requires high radiation doses. The purpose of this study is to examine the radiation exposure and technical settings for cardiac and liver CT perfusion scans at different CT scanners. Two cardiac and three liver CT perfusion protocols were examined with the N1 LUNGMAN phantom at three multi-slice CT scanners: a single-source (I) and second- (II) and third-generation (III) dual-source CT scanners. Radiation doses were reported for the CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose–length product (DLP) and a standardised DLP (DLP10cm) for cardiac and liver perfusion. The effective dose (ED10cm) for a standardised scan length of 10 cm was estimated using conversion factors based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 110 phantoms and tissue-weighting factors from ICRP 103. The proposed total lifetime attributable risk of developing cancer was determined as a function of organ, age and sex for adults. Radiation exposure for CTDIvol, DLP/DLP10 cm and ED10 cm during CT perfusion was distributed as follows: for cardiac perfusion (II) 144 mGy, 1036 mGy·cm/1440 mGy·cm and 39 mSv, and (III) 28 mGy, 295 mGy·cm/279 mGy·cm and 8 mSv; for liver perfusion (I) 225 mGy, 3360 mGy·cm/2249 mGy·cm and 54 mSv, (II) 94 mGy, 1451 mGy·cm/937 mGy·cm and 22 mSv, and (III) 74 mGy, 1096 mGy·cm/739 mGy·cm and 18 mSv. The third-generation dual-source CT scanner applied the lowest doses. Proposed total lifetime attributable risk increased with decreasing age. Even though CT perfusion is a high-dose examination, we observed that new-generation CT scanners could achieve lower doses. There is a strong impact of organ, age and sex on lifetime attributable risk. Further investigations of the feasibility of these perfusion scans are required for clinical implementation.
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP21) is a highly interesting therapeutic growth factor due to its strong osteogenic/osteoinductive potential. However, its pronounced aggregation tendency renders recombinant and soluble production troublesome and complex. While prokaryotic expression systems can provide BMP2 in large amounts, the typically insoluble protein requires complex denaturation-renaturation procedures with medically hazardous reagents to obtain natively folded homodimeric BMP2. Based on a detailed aggregation analysis of wildtype BMP2, we designed a hydrophilic variant of BMP2 additionally containing an improved heparin binding site (BMP2-2Hep-7M). Consecutive optimization of BMP2-2Hep-7M expression and purification enabled production of soluble dimeric BMP2-2Hep-7M in high yield in E. coli. This was achieved by a) increasing protein hydrophilicity via introducing seven point mutations within aggregation hot spots of wildtype BMP2 and a longer N-terminus resulting in higher affinity for heparin, b) by employing E. coli strain SHuffle® T7, which enables the structurally essential disulfide-bond formation in BMP2 in the cytoplasm, c) by using BMP2 variant characteristic soluble expression conditions and application of L-arginine as solubility enhancer. The BMP2 variant BMP2-2Hep-7M shows strongly attenuated although not completely eliminated aggregation tendency.
Background: By reviewing image quality and diagnostic perception, the suitability of a statistical model-based iterative reconstruction algorithm in conjunction with low-dose computed tomography for lung cancer screening is investigated.
Methods: Artificial lung nodules shaped as spheres and spiculated spheres made from material with calibrated Hounsfield units were attached on marked positions in the lung structure of anthropomorphic phantoms. The phantoms were scanned using standard high contrast, and two low-dose computed tomography protocols: low-dose and ultra-low-dose. For the reconstruction, the filtered back projection and the iterative reconstruction algorithm ADMIRE at different strength levels (S1–S5) and the kernels Bl57, Br32, Br69 were used. Expert radiologists assessed image quality by performing 4-field-ranking tests and reading all image series to examine the aptitude for the detectability of lung nodules. Signal-to-noise ratio was investigated as objective image quality parameter.
Results: In ranking tests for lung foci detection expert radiologists prefer medium to high iterative reconstruction strength levels. For the standard clinical kernel Bl57 and varying phantom diameter, a noticeable preference for S4 was detected. Experienced radiologists graded filtered back projection reconstructed images with the highest perceptibility. Less experienced readers assessed filtered back projection and iterative reconstruction equally with the highest grades for the Bl57 kernel. Independently of the dose protocol, the signal-to-noise ratio increases with the iterative reconstruction strength level, specifically for Br69 and Bl57.
Conclusions: Subjective image perception does not significantly correlate with the experience of the radiologist, which presumably mirrors reader’s training and accustomed reading adjustments. Regarding signal-to-noise ratio, iterative reconstruction outperforms filtered back projection for spheres and spiculated spheres. Iterative reconstruction matters. It promises to be an alternative to filtered back projection allowing for lung-cancer screening at markedly decreased radiation exposure but comparable or even improved image quality.